cognition and language

• Sensorimotor- age


  0-24 months
• Preoperational- age

  2-7
• concrete- age


  7-11
• Formal- age 


  12+
• constructivist 


  children at different ages use different approaches to analyze the world
• organization 


  combine existing schemas into new, more complex ones
• schema

  organizes existing knowledge
• assimilation 


  bringing new objects or information into existing scheme
• accommodation


  modifies schema or creates new one to fit new information
• adaption

  adjusting to the environment
• cognitive equilibrium

  can comfortably respond to new information with existing cognitive framework
• cognitive disequilibrium

  new information does not fit into existing schema- confusion
• sensoriomotor-

  experience world through looking, touching, mouthing
• object permanence

  awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
• 1. out of sight- out of mind 


  0-8 months- will not search
• 2. displacement- A not B error


  8-18 months- searches last successful place
• 3. true object permanence

  18-24 months- can think about object when it is not present
• 6 substages

  • reflective
  • primary circular reactions
  • secondary circular reactions
  • coordination of secondary schemas
  • tertiary circular reactions
  • beginning of thought
• stage one- one month - reflective

  sucking, rooting, grasping, babinski, moro
• stage two- 1-4 months- primary circular reactions 


  repeating interesting/ rewarding acts

  thumb sucking, kicking, blowing bubbles
• stage three- 4-8 months- secondary circular reactions


  direct activities outside themselves

  repetition of interesting acts on objects in environment
• stage four- 8-12 months- coordination of secondary schemas 


  more complete acts
• stage four- 8-12 months- coordination of secondary schemas

  more complete acts

  combine actions to solves problems

  intentional
• stage five- 12-18 months- tertiary circular reactions 


  interest in novelty

  repetition with variation
• stage six- 18-24 months- beginning of thought 


  uses symbols- object permanence- symbolic capacity

  solves problems mentally
• symbolic capacity 


  represents things with images and words
• egocentric


  cannot take other's point of view
• animism/ anthropomorphism 


  attributing life, consciousness to objects
• lack of conversation from

  static/ irreversible thouhgt
• centration 


  focus on only one dimension at a time
• irreversible thinking

  cannot mentally undo or reverse an action
• static thought 


  cannot mentally transform from one state to another
• concrete operations stage


  reasoning based logic
• decentration


  can focus on more than one aspect of a problem
• reversible thought 


  mentally undo what was just done
• fluid thought/ transformation

  understanding the process of change in appearance
• classification

  class inclusion
• seriation 


  order- arraging from increasing or decreasing
• metacognition


  thinking about their thought
• adult cognition


  postformal thought