General

• Where is insulin produced?

  Pancreas
•  

  What type of substance is insulin?

  Protein
• Which part of the brain secretes hormones?

  pituitary gland
• What is meant by metabolic rate?

  rate of chemical reactions
• Give two factors that may affect a person’s metabolic rate.

  Genetics

  Age
• Give two functions of plant roots.

  Take in ions

  take in water
• Another way of treating kidney failure is with a kidney transplant. A transplanted kidney can be rejected. Explain why the new kidney may be rejected.

  immune system

  produces antibodies

  attack the antigens
• Describe one way in which doctors try to prevent kidney rejection.

  tissue typing
• Endocrine glands produce hormones
• Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
• Suggest what would happen in the body of a person with hyperthyroidism.

  Too much thyroxine is released into the blood which raises BMR causing increase in formation of glycogen
• Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

  FSH causes eggs to mature and stimulate ovaries to produce oestrogen

  LH stimulates the egg to be released
• What is meant by the term ‘reflex action’?

  Automatic response
• Explain why more water was lost by breathing during the race.

  more energy needed so more aerobic respiration

  increased breathing
• The endocrine system coordinates many internal functions of the body. Give three ways coordination by the endocrine system is different from coordination by the nervous system.

  Slower

  Long lasting

  Via blood instead of electrical impulses
• Why must urea be excreted from the body?

  urea is a waste
• Explain how the gland you named in part ADH and the kidneys reduce water loss.

  High concentration of blood causes ADH release

  increased permeability of kidney tubules

  increased water reabsorption
• Explain why more water was lost through the skin during the race.

  Sweating as exercise releases heat
• The body cells of a person with Type 2 diabetes do not respond to insulin.

  A person with Type 2 diabetes often has a higher blood insulin concentration than a non-diabetic person. Explain why.

  Cells absorb less glucose

  Glucose concentration in blood remain high

  Pancreas to release more insulin
• What would happen to the insulin in the tablet if it reached the stomach?

  Would be digested
• Describe how the oral contraceptive pill stops a woman becoming pregnant.

  prevents ovulation

  prevents egg maturation
• Explain why protein is not found in the urine of a healthy person.

  Molecules are large

  cannot pass through membrane
• Explain why glucose is not found in the urine of a healthy person

  All glucose is reabsorbed
• Explain:

  • why urea and sodium ions are found in urine

  • why their concentration is higher on a hot day than on a cold day.

  small so pass through filter

  more water reabsorbed on a hot day

  due to more water lost in sweat
• Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland. Suggest what would happen in the body of a person with hyperthyroidism.

  Too much thyroxine is released into the blood which raises BMR

  causing increase in formation of glycogen
• Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

  FSH causes eggs to mature and stimulate ovaries to produce oestrogen

   LH stimulates the egg to be released
• People with type 1 diabetes inject insulin to control their blood glucose level.

   A pancreas transplant is another treatment for type 1 diabetes. One risk of a pancreas transplant is organ rejection.

  Explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected

  Immune system

  Produces antibodies

  Which attack the antigens on the transplanted organ
• Explain how blood glucose levels are controlled in the body of someone who does not have diabetes.

  if too high insulin released from pancreas so glucose is moved into cells

  if too low, glucagon is released

  causes glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the blood

   
• Compare how each type of diabetes is caused. Suggest how each type of diabetes can be treated.

  type 1 not enough insulin produced whereas type 2 cells do not respond to insulin

  type 1 is treated with injections of insulin whereas type 2 is treated with diet and exercise