READING & WRITING

• LESSON 3: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: ORGANIZATION, COHERENCE AND COHESION, LANGUAGE USE
• Organization


  • Arrangement and structure of ideas, information, and arguments within a piece of writing
• Organizational Patterns


  1. Chronological Order: Information is presented in the order of time

  2. Spatial Order: Ideas or details are arranged based on physical location or spatial relationships

  3. Cause and Effect: The writer explores the relationship between causes and their subsequent effects or Consequences

  4. Compare and Contrast: Similarities and differences between two or more subjects or ideas are examined

  5. Problem-Solution: A problem or issue is presented, followed by potential solutions or strategies to address it

  6. General to Specific or Specific to General: Information starts with a broad overview and gradually narrows down to specific details or vice versa
• Coherence


  • Connection and organization of ideas in a text to create unity
• Cohesion


  • Connectivity in a text at both the sentence level and the paragraph level
• Cohesive Devices


  • Words or phrases that connect two statements, usually by referring to what was previously written or said
• Language Use


  • Choosing appropriate language based on the objective of the writing, the context, and the target audience
• Issues with appropriate language

  • Formality depending on the situation
  • Jargon or specialized language only for target readers in the same group
  • Avoiding slang and idioms
  • Avoiding euphemisms
  • Avoiding biased language
• LESSON 5: CLAIMS EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY MADE IN A WRITTEN TEXT
• Claim


  What the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and other types of evidence
• Explicit Information


  Ideas that are directly stated in the text, leaving no room for confusion
• A good claim should be argumentative and debatable, specific and focused, interesting and engaging, and logical
• Explicit Information is any idea that is directly stated in the text, without the need to look for clues
• Explicit information is written in the text
• Implicit information is understood but not stated
• Explicit information is something expressed or readily observable
• Implicit information is something implied or indirect that you have to infer to understand
• Explicit information is commonly used in academic writings such as stories, narratives, essays, business letters, research papers, etc.
• Implicit information is used in poetry and other literary works to communicate meaning or themes indirectly
• Claim is an arguable statement - an idea that a rhetor (speaker or writer) asks an audience to accept
• A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion
• Types of Claims


  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Value
  • Claims of Policy
• Claim of Fact makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with factual evidence
• Claim of Value argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another
• Claim of Policy argues that certain conditions should exist, something should or should not be done, in order to solve a problem
• Keywords for Claim of Value

  • good
  • well
  • kind
  • useful
  • desirable
• Keywords for Claims of Policy


  • should
  • ought
• Consequences or results if you take actions or fail to act


  Associated with Claims of Policy