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• History


  The written record of the past, particularly human past
• IBN KHALDUN: 'Two distinguished meanings of history: Factual - information about political events, dynasties, and occurrences of the remote past; Speculative - rooted in philosophy, attempts to get at the truth, subtle explanation of the causes and origins of existing things, and knowledge of the how and why of events'
• Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL: 'History is a people's achievement that gives them a sense of pride and belonging, particularly in the achievement of the Filipino people, disproving Spaniard's accusation that the Filipinos have an inferior or no historical roots and civilization'
• MAHATMA GANDHI: 'Humanistic view of nature where man is closely linked to history, as well as an active participant in it. He believed in the power of the human spirit to shape its environment to some extent and thus affect the course of history, rejecting the Marxist interpretation of Dialectical Historical Materialism'
• INDIAN Prime Minister NAWAJARLAL NEHRU: 'History is the story of man's struggle for a living. It is not just a record of the doings of big men, of kings and emperors and the like. Real history should deal, not with a few individuals here and there, but with a people who make up a nation, who work and by their labor produce the necessaries and luxuries of life, and who in a thousand different ways act and react on each other. Objects to version of history dominated by the conflicts of Europe and planning the future of Europe with the exclusion of the rest of the world. Fellow countrymen shared his resentment due to the pressure to study histories devaluing India's past, vilifying the memory of those'
• PM. N. NEHRU: 'Objects to version of history dominated by the conflicts of Europe and planning the future of Europe with the exclusion of the rest of the world. Fellow countrymen shared his resentment due to the pressure to study histories devaluing India's past, vilifying the memory of those'
• PM. N. NEHRU: 'Objects to version of history dominated by the conflicts of Europe and planning the future of Europe with the exclusion of the rest of the world'
• Fellow countrymen shared Nehru's resentment due to the pressure to study histories that devalue India's past, vilify the memory of those they cherish, and glorify the achievements of British rule in India
• The existence of contemporary non-European civilizations - Islamic, Chinese, and Indian - was either overlooked or dismissed as being stunted growths, ceasing value upon the emergence of Western civilization reaching full majesty in the 19th century as world civilization. This approach led to a depreciation of the value of other civilizations and the creation of a myth of European superiority
• Sources of history


  • Oral tradition, reports, legends, sagas, ballads, anecdotes, pictorial representations, genealogical tables, lists of officials, annals, chronicles, memoirs, biographies, narratives, paintings, statues, photographs, persons, places, plans of buildings, cities, battlefields, maps, diagrams
• Remains as sources of history

  • Relics or survival of past conditions and events in language, literature, industrial productions, laws, customs, remains of buildings, tools, utensils, artifacts left behind by man
• Archaeology


  • Scientific study of remains of buildings, tools, utensils, artifacts left behind by man
• Scientific method of history

  Orderly and planned collection of data, organization and classification according to hypothesis, analysis of sources (historical criticism), synthesis of material (shifting, grouping, arrangement, generalization, organization of facts)
• Historical Criticism


  External - answers the questions WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and BY WHOM such sources were produced, Internal - also called higher criticism involves the meanings and interpretations of the source materials