Chemistry

• what is metallic bonding between?

  metals (giant metallic structure)
• what are 3 factors affecting the strength of a metallic bond?

  - number of delocalised electrons

  - atomic radius

  - number of protons
• what is ionic bonding between?

  non metals and metals (giant ionic structure)
• what are 2 factors affecting the strength of an ionic bond?

  - charge on ions

  - ionic radius
• what is covalent bonding between?

  non metals (giant covalent and simple structure)
• what is two examples of giant covalent lattice?

  diamond and graphite
• what is an example of a simple covalent structure?

  CO2
• what is a polymer?

  - very large molecules made of small repeating units linked together by strong covalent bonds with weaker intermolecular forces
• what are the 2 types of covalent bonding?


  - single and double
• what is single covalent bonding?

  1 pair of electrons shared
• what is double covalent bonding?

  2 pairs of electrons shared
• are bonding pairs of electrons involved in covalent bonds?

  yes they are involved
• are lone pairs of electrons involved in covalent bonding?

  no they are not involved
• what is a dative covalent bond?

  - a covalent bond where a shared pair of electrons are donated from 1 atom

  - when a covalent bond forms, a lone pair of electrons becomes a bonding pair of electrons
• what is the equation for mass?

  mass = moles X Mr
• what is the equation for percentage yeild?

  mass actually made / theoretical mass made X 100
• what is the equation for concentration?

  concentration = moles / volume (mass)
• what is the equation for percentage error?

  % error = (estimated - actual) / actual X 100
• what is the equation for percentage change?

  % change = (new - original) / original X 100
• what is electronegativity?


  - the ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bonding
• how does electronegativity differ on the periodic table?

  - increases across a period

  - decreases down a group
• what is a polar covalent bond?

  - when covalently bonded atoms have different electronegativities, the bonding pair of electrons are drawn to 1 atom more then the other
• what charge is formed if the bonding electrons are closer to the atom?

  slight negative charge
• what charge is formed if the bonding electrons are further from the atom?

  slight positive charge
• what does the separation of charge create?

  positive and negative dipoles
• what is a polar molecule?

  a molecule with a permanent positive end and a permanent negative end
• what are van der waals forces?

  attractions found between induced dipoles and in all covalent bonds
• are van der waals forces strong or weak?

  weak
• what are permanent dipole forces?

  - when simple covalent molecules are polar
• are permanent dipole forces stronger or weaker than van der waal forces?

  - stronger than van der waal forces
• what are hydrogen bonds?

  - bond between H+ ions bonded to either nitrogen, fluoride, oxygen
• why are hydrogen bonds formed?

  - due to an attraction between lone pairs of electrons to a negatively charged ion and a H+ atoms
• what is the strongest intermolecular force?

  hydrogen bonds
• what is the 3 ideas associated with oxidation?

  - loss of electrons

  - gain of oxygen

  - loss of hydrogen
• what are the 3 ideas associated with reduction?

  - gain of electrons

  - loss of oxygen

  - gain of hydrogen
• Na+ + e- -> Na

  reduction
• 2O2- --> O2 + 4e-

  oxidation
• what does group 1 have an oxidation number of in all compounds?

  + 1
• what does group 2 have an oxidation number of in all compounds?

  + 2
• what does hydrogen have an oxidation number of in almost all compounds?

  + 1