Chemical analysis

• ar formulations


  • a useful mixture that has been designed to produce a useful product
  • paint
  • pigment
• Components of ar formulations

  • a binder to help paint attach to surface
  • Solvent
  • Washing up liquid
  • degreaser
  • water
  • rinse agent
  • fragrance
• Chromatography


  • Separates substances in a mixture
  • Used to identify dyes in an ink by comparing to known inks
  • Stationary phase - not moving, more time in stationary phase = less soluble
  • Mobile phase - moving, more time in mobile phase more soluble
  • Spot distance - distance from start line to spot
  • Solvent front - the distance the solvent travels from start line
  • R value = Spot distance / Solvent front, makes it easier to compare substance (unknown) to known one
• Instrumental analysis


  1. Identified by instrumental method

  2. Substances can be more accurate, sensitive, and quick
• Instrumental analysis methods


  • Flame emission spectroscopy: electrons jump to higher energy levels when heat is applied, releasing electromagnetic energy as visible light, can be compared to known substances' line spectra
• Disadvantages of instrumental analysis
• Testing Cations


  1. Positive ions (metals)

  2. Flame test (wire loop) to identify metals by flame color

  3. Sodium hydroxide precipitate test to identify metals by color

  4. White flame tests to identify metals
• Testing Negative ions


  1. Anions (nonmetals)

  2. Tests for sulphate ions, carbonate ions, and halide ions
• The only test for pure water is that it boils at 100°C
• The melting and boiling points of pure substances are at a fixed point
• Definitions


  • Element - a substance made of only one type of atom
  • Compound - a substance made of 2 or more elements chemically bonded
  • Mixture - 2 or more substances
  • Pure - a substance that consists of only one type of element or compound
  • Impure - a substance that consists of more than one type of element or compound
• Reactions involving acids