health and disease

• Health


  Being in really good shape, not just physically, but also mentally and socially; feeling great in all aspects of life
• Types of diseases


  • Communicable diseases
  • Non-communicable diseases
• Communicable diseases


  Diseases that can spread from person to person, like colds or flu
• Non-communicable diseases


  Diseases that you can't catch from someone else, like diabetes or heart disease
• Having one disease can make your body weaker


  Making it easier for other diseases to attack
• Pathogens


  Tiny organisms like bacteria, viruses, or fungi that can make you sick
• Common infections


  • Bacteria like cholera can give you bad diarrhea, while viruses like HIV attack your immune system
• How pathogens spread


  Some spread through water or air, like cholera or tuberculosis. Others spread through body fluids, like Ebola. Ways to reduce their spread include washing hands or using protection
• Lifecycle of a virus


  Viruses invade cells and make more copies of themselves. They can do this quickly (lytic) or stay hidden for a while (lysogenic)
• Ways pathogens spread


  • Through water or air
  • Through body fluids
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • Spread through sexual contact. Using protection like condoms can help prevent their spread
• Plant defense


  • Physical barriers like tough leaves and chemical defenses to fight off attackers
• Detecting plant diseases


  By looking at symptoms, testing in labs, and eliminating other possible causes
• Human body defense


  • Barriers like skin and mucus to keep pathogens out. Chemicals like stomach acid can kill them
• Immune system response


  Fighting back by making antibodies and memory cells to remember pathogens
• Immunization


  Giving our bodies a heads-up about a disease using a weakened form of it to help the immune system prepare to fight it off later
• Advantages and disadvantages of immunization

  Protects from diseases, but can have drawbacks like side effects. Herd immunity can protect even those who aren't immunized
• Antibiotics


  Work against bacterial infections, not viruses. Stop bacteria from growing without harming our own cells
• Aseptic techniques


  Ways to keep labs clean when working with microorganisms using sterile tools and preventing contamination
• Effects of antiseptics and antibiotics


  Testing their effectiveness against microbes to find better ways to fight infections
• Monoclonal antibodies


  • Special proteins made in labs that can target specific cells in the body. Used in things like pregnancy tests and cancer treatments
• Non-communicable diseases


  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
• Effects of lifestyle on diseases

  Diet, exercise, smoking, and alcohol can affect the risk of getting non-communicable diseases. Making healthy choices can lower that risk
• Treatments for cardiovascular disease

  Medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes like diet and exercise
• Health


  Being in really good shape, not just physically, but also mentally and socially; feeling great in all aspects of life
• Types of diseases


  • Communicable diseases
  • Non-communicable diseases
• Communicable diseases


  Diseases that can spread from person to person, like colds or flu
• Non-communicable diseases


  Diseases that you can't catch from someone else, like diabetes or heart disease
• Why One Disease Can Lead to Another


  Sometimes having one disease can make your body weaker, making it easier for other diseases to attack
• Pathogens


  Tiny organisms like bacteria, viruses, or fungi that can make you sick
• Common Infections


  • Bacteria like cholera can give you bad diarrhea, while viruses like HIV attack your immune system
• How Pathogens Spread


  1. Spread through water or air, like cholera or tuberculosis

  2. Spread through body fluids, like Ebola
• Lifecycle of a Virus

  Viruses invade cells and make more copies of themselves quickly (lytic) or stay hidden for a while (lysogenic)
• Ways to reduce pathogen spread

  • Washing hands
  • Using protection
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)


  Infections spread through sexual contact
• Plant Defense


  Plants have physical barriers like tough leaves and chemical defenses to fight off attackers
• Detecting Plant Diseases


  Looking at symptoms, testing in labs, and eliminating other possible causes
• Human Body Defense


  Bodies have barriers like skin and mucus to keep pathogens out; chemicals like stomach acid can kill them
• Immune System


  Fights pathogens by making antibodies and memory cells to remember them
• Immunization


  Giving bodies a heads-up about a disease using a weakened form of it to help the immune system prepare to fight it off later