Health promotion

• Contraception


  A method or device that helps prevent pregnancy by stopping the egg from meeting sperm or the fertilized egg from implanting
• Temporary methods of contraception

  • Barrier methods (e.g., condoms)
  • Hormonal methods (e.g., birth control pills)
  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
• Permanent methods of contraception

  • Surgical methods (e.g., tubal ligation or Vasectomy)
• Natural methods of contraception

  • LAM
• Contraceptive implant


  • A small, flexible rod-like device (size of a matchstick) inserted under the skin of the inner upper arm
  • Hormonal method inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus
  • Long-lasting protection (usually effective for 3 years) – High efficacy with minimal user intervention
  • Requires a trained person to insert
  • Possible side effects: irregular bleeding and headaches
• Morning-after pill


  1. Used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex

  2. Prevents or delays ovulation and interferes with fertilization

  3. Most effective if taken within 24 hours of unprotected sex or contraceptive failure, can still be effective up to 72 hours

  4. Available over-the-counter in pharmacies and FP clinics

  5. Not 100% effective and does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Emergency contraceptive pill types

  • Levonorgestrel: Available as a single pill or as two pills that are taken 12 hours apart
• Howard Gardner, Psychologist at the Harvard School of Education: '“Time has come to broaden the notion of the spectrum of talents”'
• Several species within the homo genus
• The homo sapiens are anatomically modern humans
• "Out of Africa" hypothesis proposes a common African ancestry for all modern humans
• This theory is supported by genetic evidence
• The limbic system


  1. The hippocampus and the amygdala are two key parts that do much or most of the brain’s learning and remembering

  2. The amygdala is the specialist for emotional matters (storehouse of emotional memory)

  3. Visual or auditory signal– retina to thalamus – visual cortex – if response is emotional – amygdala

  4. A smaller portion goes straight from the thalamus to the amygdala for quicker transmission, faster (though less precise) response. The amygdala can trigger an emotional response before the cortical centers have fully understood what is happening: Emotions are fast and sloppy
• The limbic system refined two powerful tools

  Learning and memory
• Two minds “heart” and “head”

  • The rational mind is more prominent in awareness, thoughtful, able to ponder and reflect (comprehension mode)
  • The emotional mind is impulsive and powerful, if sometimes illogical. These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in tight harmony for most part. The balance between emotional and rational minds, the rational mind refining and sometimes vetoing the inputs of emotions. When passions surge, the balance tips; it is the emotional mind that captures the upper hand, swamping the rational mind: Emotional Hijacking! “the perennial tension between reason and emotion” (Erasmus of Rotterdam 16th C (Humanist)
• Emotion


  A complex psychological and physiological state that involves a range of feelings such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and surprise. Can be triggered by various stimuli, internal or external, and play a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, actions, and interpersonal interactions
• Intelligence


  The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. "Intelligence" is a multifaceted concept that involves the capacity to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt effectively
• IQ stands for "Intelligence Quotient" and is a standard tool for assessing cognitive abilities and predicting academic and job performance
• IQ evaluates various cognitive abilities

  Logical reasoning, problem-solving, mathematical skills, language proficiency, and spatial awareness
• Lewis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford, developed the IQ test in 1916
• Gardner’s 1983 book “Frames of Mind” refuted the IQ view, stating that there are hundreds of ways to succeed and many different abilities that will help you get there. Being academically smart doesn't necessarily prepare you for the challenges and opportunities that life brings
• Emotional Intelligence (EI)


  Refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage (regulate) your own emotions and the emotions of others effectively
• Domains of Emotional Intelligence

  • Self-awareness
  • Self-regulation
  • Motivation
  • Empathy
  • Communication
  • Social skills
• Core emotions


  • Anger
  • Sadness
  • Fear
  • Enjoyment
  • Love
  • Shame
  • Surprise
• Other families of emotions

  • Considered mutations of core emotions
• Moods


  • Grumpy
• Social skills


  • Building positive relationships and navigating social situations effectively
• Emotions


  • Core emotions: Anger, sadness, fear, enjoyment, love, shame, surprise
  • Other families: considered mutations of core emotions
  • Moods: Grumpy and irritable (shorter bouts of anger)
  • Temperaments: natural, inherent way of responding to the world and interacting with others (traits like active, calm, social, emotional)
  • Disorders of emotions: clinical depression or unremitting anxiety (in which someone feels perpetually trapped in a toxic state)
• Regulating/Managing Emotions Techniques


  1. Deep breathing

  2. Mindfulness

  3. Positive self-talk

  4. Sleep

  5. Exercise

  6. Therapy

  7. Contain emotions
• Adaptability Practical Applications


  Emotional Intelligence (EI) can positively impact academic performance, teamwork, and problem solving
• Skills to self-regulate emotions

  1. Create space

  2. Noticing what you feel

  3. Naming what you feel

  4. Accepting the emotion

  5. Practicing mindfulness

  6. Identify and reduce triggers

  7. Focus on reasons to feel happy or calm

  8. Consider the story you are telling yourself
• Self-motivation


  • Drive oneself towards goals
  • Remain optimistic in the face of challenges
  • Persevere in the pursuit of objectives
• Resilience After Failure


  • Analyze what went wrong, adjust strategies, and approach the next venture with renewed determination
  • Maintaining Positivity: Focus on the aspects you enjoy, seek solutions to challenges, and inspire colleagues with their optimistic attitude
  • Adapting to Change: Rather than resisting, embrace the challenge, view the change as an opportunity to showcase flexibility and innovation
  • Setting academic goals to stay focused and motivated
  • Improve Time Management: Create a weekly schedule and stick to it, allocating specific time slots for studying, assignments, and leisure activities
  • Enhance Study Habits: Implement effective study techniques such as summarizing information, using flashcards, or practicing active recall regularly
  • Complete Assignments Early: Aim to finish assignments well before the deadline to reduce stress and allow time for revisions
  • Participate in Class: Contribute to class discussions or ask questions regularly to engage with the material and demonstrate active involvement
  • Improve Note-Taking Skills
  • Enhance Writing Skills
  • Improve structure and clarity
• Empathy


  • Understanding others' feelings and concerns and taking their perspective, appreciating the differences in how people feel about things
• Empathy in action


  1. Listening with Understanding: actively listens without judgment, providing a safe space to express emotions, offering support and understanding

  2. Supporting a Colleagues Challenges: Instead of criticizing, offer assistance, recognizing the challenges and expressing solidarity to overcome obstacles together

  3. Expressing Understanding in Conflict: seeks to understand the other party's perspective, acknowledge the emotions involved, and work towards a resolution that takes into account the feelings and needs of both sides
• Emotional Intelligence in Communication

  • Emotional intelligence significantly impacts how we communicate, helping build stronger relationships, foster collaboration, and create positive environments
• Emotional Intelligence in Communication

  • During a team meeting, a team leader acknowledges the efforts of each team member, expressing gratitude for their unique contributions
  • Two team members have a disagreement. Instead of escalating tensions, an emotionally intelligent leader facilitates a calm discussion, ensuring both perspectives are heard
  • Presenting a proposal to a diverse audience, an emotionally intelligent speaker adjusts their tone and language to resonate with various personality types
• Importance of Emotional Intelligence: Personal Well-being
• Importance of Emotional Intelligence: Relationships
• Presenting a proposal to a diverse audience

  An emotionally intelligent speaker adjusts their tone and language to resonate with various personality types