STATS

• The history of statistics can be traced back

  At least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome
• Statistics had been used in Egypt in the form of recording the number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people living in a particular city


  3500 years before the birth of Christ
• Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a king’s rule and the vast territory that he occupied

  3800 B.C.
• Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population for the purpose of collecting taxes


  700 B.C.
• Modern statistics is used to record and predict birth and death rates, employment and inflation rates, sports achievements, economic and social trends, opinions from polls, and unlock secret codes from a game of chance
• John Graunt created the first mortality table, showing how long a person may be expected to live after reaching a certain age


  1620 – 1674
• Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855) used statistical methods in making predictions about the positions of the planets in our solar system
• Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874) developed the idea of the “average man” and was known as the “Father of Modern Statistics”
• Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936) made important links between probability and statistics
• Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher developed the F-tool in inferential statistics in the 20th century
• George Gallup (1901 – 1984) was instrumental in making statistical polling a common tool in political campaigns
• Statistics


  A field of study in which quantitative data are collected, presented, analyzed, and interpreted
• Statistics and statistical analysis are used in every profession and have become a valuable tool in business, economics, management, psychology, health, education, and many others
• The word statistik comes from the Italian word statista which means “statesman”
• Statistics were first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 – 1772) and popularized by Sir John Sinclair in his work, Statistical Account of Scotland (1791 – 1799)
• Statistics help people answer questions and make decisions in various fields like education, psychology, business, economics, research, experimentation, medicine, and demographics
• In education, statistics can be used to assess students’ performance and correlate factors affecting teaching and learning processes to improve the quality of education
• In Psychology, statistics is used to determine attitudinal patterns, the causes and effects of misbehavior
• In business and economics, statistics is used to analyze data like sales, outputs, price indices, revenues, costs, inventories, accounts, etc., to monitor the status of customers, employees, orders, and production
• In research and experimentation, statistics is used to validate or test claims or inferences about a group of people or objects, or a series of events
• In the field of medicine, statistics is used to collect information about patients and diseases and to make decisions about the use of new drugs or treatment
• In demographics, statistics is used to study the size, vital characteristics of the population, and how they might change over time
• Statistics reported in the news media about important issues are familiar to us
• Fields of Statistics: Descriptive
• Statistics


  1. Used in demographics to study the size, vital characteristics of the population, and how they might change over time

  2. Reported in the news media about important issues
• Fields of Statistics


  • Descriptive statistics
  • Inferential statistics
• Descriptive statistics


  Concerned with collecting, organizing, and presenting data to describe or assess group characteristics
• Inferential statistics


  Concerned with inferring or drawing conclusions about the population based on pre-selected elements
• Variable


  A characteristic that changes or varies over time and/or for different individuals or objects under consideration
• Qualitative variables


  • Color of cars: red, blue, yellow, gray, black
  • T-shirt size: extra small, small, medium, large, extra large
• Quantitative variables


  • Height of male students in a university
  • Number of batteries produced by a manufacturing company
• Discrete variables


  • Number of washers produced by a company
  • Number of bolts produced by a machine
• Continuous variables


  • Height (in meters) of college students
  • Length of cable (in meters) installed by Meralco in Metro Manila
• Functional relationship


  Independent variable (predictor variable) and dependent variable (criterion variable)
• Classification of Variables


  • Nominal variable
  • Ordinal variable
  • Interval variable
  • Ratio variable
• Constants refer to fundamental quantities that do not change in value
• Data


  Facts concerning things such as status in life of people, defectiveness of objects, or effect of an event to the society
• Information


  Data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for human interpretation to reveal trends or patterns about the population
• Sources of Data


  • Primary source
  • Secondary source
• Data are considered an asset of a company if they are accurate, updated, and available when needed