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• The history of statistics can be traced back at least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome
• As early as 3500 years before the birth of Christ, statistics had been used in Egypt in the form of recording the number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people living in a particular city
• In 3800 B.C., the Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a king's rule and the vast territory that he occupied
• In 700 B.C., Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population to collect taxes
• In modern times, statistical methods have been used to record and predict such things as birth and death rates, employment and inflation rates, sports achievements, and other economic and social trends
• Modern statistics is said to have begun with John Graunt (1620 – 1674), an English tradesman
• Graunt collected published records called "bills of mortality" that included information about the numbers and causes of deaths in the city of London
• Graunt analyzed more than fifty years of data and created the first mortality table, a table showing how long a person may be expected to live after reaching a certain age
• Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855), the brilliant German mathematician used statistical methods in making predictions about the positions of the planets in our solar system
• Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874), a Belgian astronomer developed the idea of the "average man" from his studies of the Belgian census
• Adolphe Quetelet was known as the "Father of Modern Statistics"
• Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936), an English mathematician made important links between probability and statistics
• In the 20th century, the British statistician Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher developed the F-tool in inferential statistics
• The American George Gallup (1901 – 1984) was instrumental in making statistical polling, a common tool in political campaigns
• STATISTICS


  A field of study in which quantitative data are collected, presented, analyzed, and interpreted
• Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used in every profession
• The word statistik comes from the Italian word statista which means "statesman"
• It was first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 – 1772), a professor at Marlborough and Gottingen, while Dr. E.A.W. Zimmerman introduced it in England
• Sir John Sinclair popularized it in his work, Statistical Account of Scotland (1791 – 1799)
• The history of statistics can be traced back at least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome
• As early as 3500 years before the birth of Christ, statistics had been used in Egypt in the form of recording the number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people living in a particular city
• In 3800 B.C., the Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a king's rule and the vast territory that he occupied
• In 700 B.C., Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population to collect taxes
• In modern times, statistical methods have been used to record and predict such things as birth and death rates, employment and inflation rates, sports achievements, and other economic and social trends
• They have even been used to assess opinions from polls and unlock secret codes from a game of chance
• Modern statistics

  Said to have begun with John Graunt (1620 – 1674), an English tradesman
• Graunt collected published records called "bills of mortality" that included information about the numbers and causes of deaths in the city of London
• Graunt analyzed more than fifty years of data and created the first mortality table, a table showing how long a person may be expected to live after reaching a certain age
• Other great men who made important contributions to statistics

  • Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855)
  • Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874)
  • Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936)
  • Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
  • George Gallup (1901 – 1984)
• Statistics

  A field of study in which quantitative data are collected, presented, analyzed, and interpreted
• Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used in every profession
• The word statistik comes from the Italian word statista which means "statesman"
• It was first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 – 1772), a professor at Marlborough and Gottingen, while Dr. E.A.W. Zimmerman introduced it in England
• Sir John Sinclair popularized it in his work, Statistical Account of Scotland (1791 – 1799)
• Descriptive statistics


  Concerned with the methods of collecting, organizing, and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or assess group characteristics
• Inferential statistics


  Concerned with inferring or drawing conclusions about the population based on pre-selected elements of that population

  
• Variable


  A characteristic that changes or varies over time and/or for different individuals or objects under consideration
• Qualitative variables


  Measure a quality or characteristic of each individual or object
• Discrete variable


  Can assume only a finite or countable number of values
• Discrete variables


  • The number of washers produced by a company
  • The number of bolts produced by a machine