gen bio : pre-mid

• Transport in organism


  Essential in moving and distributing materials such as fluids and nutrients to the different parts of the body
• Transport in animals


  • Differs depending on physical structures
• Main types of circulation in animals

  • Open circulatory system (Invertebrates)
  • Closed circulatory system (Vertebrates)
• Blood flow in open circulation

  Heart pumps blood, goes to hemacoels, exchange of gases happens in hemacoels, forms hemolymph
• Hemolymph


  A group/compact blood that goes to the pores but does not exactly go back to the heart
• Blood flow in closed circulation

  Heart pumps blood, goes to capillaries, exchange of gases happens in capillaries, goes to veins/blood vessels back to the heart
• Average life of a person is 67 years which is approximately 2.5 billion heartbeats
• Heart produces blood, beats at 72 per minute, pumps about 5.5L of blood
• Heartbeat can reach up to 180-190 beats per minute when overexcited, varies depending on activity
• 'Lub dub' is the sound produced by the heart during contraction and relaxation
• Blood flow of the human heart

  Deoxygenated blood enters superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve opens, reaches right ventricle, pulmonary valve opens, blood goes to lungs, exchanges gases, becomes oxygenated blood, flows through pulmonary vein, enters left atrium, mitral valve opens, flows to left ventricle, aortic valve opens, 'lubdub' sound produced
• Heart

  • Pericardium - protective, fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart
  • Septum - wall of tissue separating the heart's right and left sides
• HEART


  Organ responsible for pumping blood through the body during contraction and relaxation
• PERICARDIUM


  A protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart and helps it function properly
• SEPTUM


  A wall of tissue separating the heart's right and left sides
• BLOOD components


  • Plasma, Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)
• ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)


  • Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Lifespan of approximately 4 months
• LEUKOCYTES (WBC)


  • Helps body’s defense against infection and immunity
• THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)


  • Essential in blood clotting
• PLASMA


  • Composed of water, proteins, electrolytes, and other substances
  • Contains hormones, fibrinogen, globulins, and albumin along with nutrients
• BLOOD VESSELS


  1. Serve as highways through which blood circulates in the body

  2. Three types: arteries, veins, capillaries
• ARTERIES


  • Thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to different organs
  • Largest artery in the body is the aorta leading out of the left ventricle
• VEINS


  • Thin-walled vessels that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
  • Include superior and inferior vena cavae
• CAPILLARIES


  • Thinnest blood vessels made up of only one layer of cells
  • Sites for exchange of materials between blood and cells
• CAPILLARIES


  • Supplies the brain with oxygen, keeping a person conscious
• Heart valves


  • Mitral (bicuspid), Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonary valves
• William Harvey was the first to show that the heart and blood vessels form a continuous closed circulatory system
• Continuous closed circulatory system

  Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
• PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION


  1. Pulmonary circulation: movement of blood from the heart to lungs, then back to the heart

  2. Systemic circulation: circulation of blood throughout the body
• SUBSYSTEMS


  1. Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart itself

  2. Renal circulation: moves blood to kidneys and back to the heart
• If a vessel is blocked in coronary circulation, it could lead to a heart attack or myocardial infarction
• PHLOEM TRANSPORT


  Transport mechanism in plants that only transports foods
• XYLEM TRANSPORT


  Transport mechanism in plants that only transports water and minerals in a one-way direction
• TRANSPIRATION


  1. Release of water vapor through openings in leaves that causes pressure and pulls water upward

  2. Allows plants to absorb nutrients they need
• CAPILLARY ACTION


  Allows water to move up plants through cohesive forces between water molecules
• Nutrient absorption in plants

  Plants are able to absorb the nutrients they need
• Transpiration

  Leads to suction forces that pull water upwards
• Transpiration only occurs in daytime because it needs evaporation which requires heat from the sun
• Osmosis and Diffusion


  Passive forces in plants that help molecules move from one cell to another
• Osmosis


  Process where water moves to balance the concentration of water