Shirooo

• Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality as a Service Industry


  1. Intangibility

  2. Perishability

  3. Inseparability

  4. Variability
• Intangibility


  Services in the tourism and hospitality industry are intangible, meaning they cannot be touched or physically possessed
• Intangibility in Tourism and Hospitality


  • Services are largely immaterial
  • Experience-Based
• Intangibility in Tourism and Hospitality

  • Consider a tourist visiting a luxury spa resort. The intangible aspects include spa services, customer service, and ambiance
• Perishability


  The availability of services is time-sensitive and perishable
• Perishability in Tourism and Hospitality

  • Limited Time Windows
  • Dynamic Demand
  • Capacity Constraints
• Perishability in Tourism and Hospitality

  • Consider a hotel located in a popular tourist destination. During high season or major events, there is increased demand for rooms
• Learning Objectives


  • Identify and explain key travel motivation theories and understand their impact on travel decisions
  • Differentiate between traveler segments, exploring unique characteristics for targeted industry strategies
  • Apply Tourism Psychology and Sociology concepts for insights into diverse dynamics within the travel industry
• Learning References


  • Cruz, Zenaida L. (2019). Micro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. Rex Bookstore, Inc
  • Lim, Romeo D. (2019). Micro Perspectives on Tourism and Hospitality. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
  • Chen, Y. (2021). Economics of tourism and hospitality: A micro approach. Routledge
  • Smith, J. P. (2022). Community Engagement in Micro-Hospitality: A Comprehensive Guide. Routledge
  • Garcia, M. S. (2021). Niche Hospitality: Micro-Approaches for Local Success. Springer
  • Johnson, A. R. (2023). Micro-Tourism: Exploring Local Perspectives. Academic Press
• In the modern era, the act of travel has evolved into a multifaceted phenomenon that extends beyond the mere exploration of new landscapes
• The Psychology and Sociology of Tourism invite us to delve deep into the rich complexities that surround the interactions between individuals, societies, and the diverse destinations they choose to explore
• Theories of Travel Motivations

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
  • Push-Pull Model
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  1. Physiological Needs (Survival)

  2. Safety Needs

  3. Social Needs (Belongingness and Love)

  4. Esteem Needs

  5. Self-Actualization
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  A psychological theory suggesting that people are motivated to travel based on their needs, starting from basic survival needs to higher-level needs like self-actualization
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Physiological Needs (Survival)
  • Safety Needs
  • Social Needs (Belongingness and Love)
  • Esteem Needs
  • Self-Actualization
• Push-Pull Model


  Identifies factors that "push" individuals from their home environment and factors that "pull" them toward a destination
• Push Factors


  • Dissatisfaction with Routine
• Push factors


  • Dissatisfaction with Routine
  • Escape from Stress
  • Economic Opportunities
• Pull factors


  • Cultural Attractions
  • Natural Beauty
  • Adventure and Recreation
• Example: Push


  Scenario: Emily, a marketing professional, feels exhausted and stressed due to the demanding nature of her job. The routine has become monotonous, and she craves a change.
• Push Factors for Emily

  • Dissatisfaction with the routine
  • High-stress levels
  • Desire for a break from the daily grind
• Example: Pull


  Destination Choice: Emily decides to visit Kyoto, Japan.
• Pull Factors for Emily

  • The appeal of Kyoto's rich cultural heritage
  • Historical temples
  • Serene landscapes
• Emily is attracted to the idea of exploring a new culture, finding tranquility in beautiful gardens, and immersing herself in the unique traditions of Kyoto
• Emily's decision to travel is influenced by push factors related to dissatisfaction and stress, while the pull factors of Kyoto's cultural allure and natural beauty become the driving force behind her destination choice
• The Push-Pull Model provides a framework for understanding how both internal and external factors shape travel motivations
• Plog's Psychographic Model classifies tourists into three psychographic categories: allocentric, mid-centric, and psychocentric
• Allocentric travelers seek adventure and new experiences, willing to step out of their comfort zones and enjoy exploring diverse and unconventional destinations
• Mid-centric travelers prefer a balanced mix of familiar and unfamiliar environments, seeking a moderate level of adventure without complete departure from the familiar
• Psychocentric travelers prefer familiar and comfortable destinations, seeking relaxation, predictability, and routine in their travels
• Traveler types


  • Allocentric Travelers
  • Psychocentric Travelers
• Psychocentric Travelers


  • Prefer familiar and comfortable destinations
  • Seek relaxation, predictability, and routine in their travels
  • May avoid unfamiliar or challenging environments
• Psychocentric Traveler


  • Emily is a psychocentric traveler who finds comfort in routine and familiar surroundings. Her ideal vacation involves staying at established resorts, visiting well-known tourist destinations, and engaging in activities she is already familiar with. Emily values the predictability and security that come with revisiting destinations she has enjoyed in the past
• Plog's Psychographic Model helps categorize tourists based on their psychographic traits and travel preferences
• Plog's model recognizes that individuals vary in their willingness to explore new and unfamiliar territories, and these classifications assist in tailoring travel services and marketing strategies to meet the diverse needs of different traveler segments
• Pearce's Travel Career Ladder

  • Suggests that individuals go through different phases or stages in their travel behavior
  • Stages include the novelty-seeking phase, the involvement phase, and the resolution phase
• Novelty-Seeking Phase


  1. Initial stage of travel behavior

  2. Focus on seeking new and novel experiences

  3. Emphasis on exploration and curiosity
• Novelty-Seeking Phase


  • John, a recent college graduate, enters the novelty-seeking phase. He is eager to explore the world, driven by a sense of curiosity and a desire for new experiences. John's travels involve visiting popular tourist destinations, trying adventurous activities, and immersing himself in the diversity of cultures. The novelty-seeking phase is characterized by a sense of excitement and exploration
• Involvement Phase


  1. Developing a deeper interest in travel

  2. Seeking more meaningful and involved experiences

  3. Exploring a variety of destinations and activities
• Involvement Phase


  • As Mary progresses in her travel behavior, she enters the involvement phase. She has gained some experience and now seeks more meaningful interactions with the destinations she visits. Mary may engage in cultural exchanges, volunteer tourism, or off-the-beaten-path adventures. The involvement phase is marked by a desire for a deeper connection with the places visited