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• Reading


  • Cognitive process that involves decoding symbols
  • Helps the reader direct information towards a goal and focus their attention
  • Thinking process
• Reading Process


  Process that involves recognizing words, leading to the development of comprehension
• Reading Process - Pre-reading stage


  Allows the reader to activate background knowledge, preview the text, and develop a purpose for reading
• Reading Process - During reading


  Reader makes predictions as they read and then confirms or revises the predictions
• Reading Process - After reading


  Allows the reader to retell the story, discuss the elements of a story, answer questions, or compare it to another text
• Two elements of reading comprehension

  • Vocabulary Knowledge
  • Text Comprehension
• Detailed Reading and Note Taking


  1. Underlining and highlighting - to pick out what seem to you the most central or important words and phrases

  2. Keywords - to record the main headings as you read

  3. Questions - to encourage you to take an active approach to your reading

  4. Summaries - to check that you have understood what you have read
• Making Inferences


  1. Understanding implicit messages conveyed by a writer based on the reader’s schema or background knowledge

  2. Improve the critical comprehension skills of the readers as they try to unravel the meaning between, behind, and beyond words they read
• Drawing Conclusions


  Reading strategy that gives the reader an experience to explore after reading the text
• Thesis Statement


  • Sentence that bears the main idea of an article or an essay
  • Tells the reader how he will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. It serves as the map for the paper
• Common text structures


  • Chronological Order (Sequential Order)
  • Cause and Effect
  • Problem and Solution
  • Compare and Contrast
  • Description
  • Exposition (Informational or Explanatory)
  • Argumentative or Persuasive
  • Spatial Order
• Academic Writing


  • Written material in an organized way and a specific manner
  • Identifying Text Structure - involves recognizing the way a piece of writing is organized or structured
• Characteristics of Academic Text

  • Uses formal language
  • Aims to inform, to persuade or to argue
  • Is written by experts or professionals
  • Well-structured
• All academic text are essays
• Types of Academic Essays

  • Reaction paper - essay with your response about something you have seen, watched, or experienced to provide valuable information for an audience
  • Position paper - essay with your arguments about a debatable issue supported with valid evidence from credible sources
• Introduction to Academic Essays

  1. Introduction - provide a background about the topic, sets and prepares the mind of the readers of what the topic is about

  2. Body - discusses the topic elaborately, contains the major points to explain the topic, is usually the longest part

  3. Conclusion - closes the essay, briefly summarizes your major points, usually has a closing statement
• IMRaD


  1. Introduction - What is the problem? Why do you want to study the problem? What did other researchers find about the problem?

  2. Methods - How did you gather data? What instrument did you use?

  3. Results - What are your findings? What have you collected?

  4. Discussions - What is the meaning of the results? What future action/s do you recommend?
• Introduction to Research Skills

  1. Research is the efficient examination and investigation of materials, sources, and so on, so as to build up realities and arrive at new resolutions

  2. Starting your research - Think about your topic, Read broadly about your subject, Find Information, Edit and Revise
• Summarizing and Paraphrasing


  1. Summarizing - Is a brief restatement of a text’s main points, selecting out key features of a text to create a shortened version

  2. Paraphrasing - Using your own words to express someone else's ideas while still preserving the main ideas of the original source
• Why do we need to Paraphrase?
• To Avoid Plagiarism
• Techniques in Summarizing

  1. Selection - Important summarization technique. It is essential to select major ideas, keywords, phrases, special terms, and interpretations presented in the original resource

  2. Rejection - Important summarization technique. It is a process of removing unnecessary data

  3. Substitution - Important summarization technique. It includes synthesis. It is a mode of combining several sentences into one sentence
• predict Determine what you think will happen to the text
• Read the title and subtitle
• visualize Create mental images of the characters, settings and event
• Question Stop and ask yourself a question if the text make sense
• Connect Think about what you already know about the text
• Paraphrase Restate the meaning of the text using different words
• Summarize The main idea or point of view expressed by the author
• Identify Determine the author's purposes
• Infer Use clues in the text and your knowledge to fill in the gaps and draw conclusion
• Evaluate Think about the text as a whole from opinions about what you read