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• Philippines especially Bukidnon has diverse ecosystem due to its geographical location and isolation, diverse habitats and high rates of endemism
• Bukidnon is known to have beautiful scenic spots, well endowed with natural attractions and biodiversity is highly conserved in the province
• Caves


  • Recognized as the world's most remote and fragile wilderness
  • Characterized by the absence of natural light, stable temperature, geophysical structure, high relative humidity
  • Provide habitat to some of the country's threatened animals
• Sumalsag Cave having a unique geographic location has its entrance at Sitio Kilabong, Barangay Vista Villa, Sumilao and its exit at Sitio Diamante, Barangay Dalirig, Manolo Fortich is one of the geologic features in Bukidnon protected by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
• Sumalsag Cave has sensitive geologic values with high quality ecosystems as well as portions with hazardous conditions
• The DENR is preparing a Cave Management Plan to conserve and protect the Sumalsag Cave
• Cave management plan is a very essential tool that can help the DENR and local government units concerned in the protection and conservation of our caves as mandated under Republic Act 9072 otherwise known as the National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act
• Sumalsag is becoming a main tourist spot in Bukidnon and a site for trekkers and adventure enthusiasts
• With the volume of people entering the cave, there is a threat for biodiversity loss, destruction of its geological features and natural habitat, and to some extent, contamination of the waters inside the cave
• Variable


  Any characteristic that can have different values or traits that vary across research participants
• Attribute


  The value assigned to a specific variable
• Variables


  • Dependence (independent and dependent variables)
  • Mutually exclusive
  • Exhaustive
• Types of Variables


  • Continuous variables
  • Discrete variables
  • Categorical variables (nominal, ordinal)
• Delimitation of the Study

  Describes the various limitations that arose during the design and conduct of the study
• Possible Limitations


  • Sample size
  • Lack of available and/or reliable data
  • Lack of prior studies
  • Chosen data collection method
  • Nature of the information collected
  • Access to data
  • Time period
  • Bias
  • Language
• The researcher should state the limitations of the study in detailed but concise terms, explain why such limitations arose, and assess the impact on the data collected and its effects on the interpretation and analysis
• Title


  A complete, concise and accurate description of the content of the research work. It should focus on the major variables to be studied and their relationship. Should be limited to 15 words or fewer.
• Abstract


  A condensed write-up of the research paper. It informs the reader concisely about the objective of the study, the materials and methods employed, the findings and the conclusion derived from these findings. Limited to 200 words. An abstract can only be written once the research is already completed. It serves as an overview of the research paper. It gives the reader the overall objective of the study, the methods used and the findings of the study. Must be brief and concise.
• Introduction


  • A chapter which familiarizes the reader with the background of the study, why the study was conducted, and who will benefit from the study. The first chapter introduces the problem and clarify important variables, its delimitations, and its significance to the field of study. The introduction is important in establishing the cognitive setting of the research.
• Parts of the Introduction

  • Background of the Study
  • Framework of the Study
  • Statement of the Problem
  • Significance of the Study
  • Scope and Delimitation of the Study
  • Definition of Terms
• Background of the Study


  In the background of the study, the origin of the problem is defined. It is where you describe the events which led to your research.
• Framework of the Study

  A framework is defined as a set of ideas that provide support to something'. Essentially, any concept or theory requires a strong framework to establish its general feasibility. In the case of research, it serves as the building blocks for the foundation of the study. There are two types of research framework: theoretical framework and conceptual framework.
• Statement of the Problem

  In the statement of the problem, the problem is divided into main and sub-problems. It leads to defining the data that must be obtained to answer the problem. Since each sub-problem is a researchable unit, the solutions of the sub-problems taken together, combine to solve the main or entire problem.
• Significance of the Study

  The significance of the study justifies why pursuing the problem is worthwhile. The findings from the study could address a felt need or make a significant contribution to new knowledge, assist policy formulation and help improve the quality of living. The groups who will benefit and how they will benefit from the study are clearly described in this part of the introduction.
• Scope and Delimitation of the Study

  This section defines the samples in the study, the treatments the samples are subjected to, any existing limitations of the samples known at the time of the investigation, and limitations of data-gathering methods. Sources of samples, their quantity, and seasonal nature, if there is any, are also being mentioned in this part of the research paper. Accuracy and precision of equipment used in the study are also stated. Setting the scope and limitations of the study includes giving the time frame for the research in addition to where it will be conducted.
• Definition of Terms


  This is where the important terms used in the study is defined operationally. The terms are arranged alphabetically and defined by the researcher based on how it is used in the study.
• Review of Related Literature (RRL)


  • A summary of past studies that could be connected to the present research. Involves a precise interweaving of past researches with the present, resulting in a meaningful document that will support the need for conducting the study. Purpose: Helps in placing the work, Describes relationship, Identifies new ways, Helps in solving conflicts, Identifies areas, Points to another research.
• Steps in Making RRL

  1. Finding relevant materials

  2. Previewing

  3. Actual reading

  4. Note-taking

  5. Annotating
• Methodology


  • A methodology is the section of the research paper which explains why the researcher chose to use particular methods. The methodology also includes descriptions of any and all theoretical and/or ideological concepts informing and influencing the course of the study, and the researcher's rationale behind adhering to these concepts.
• Parts of the Methodology

  • Research Design
  • Research Locale
  • Respondents of the Study
  • Research Instrument/ Data Collection Method
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Data Analysis
• Research Design


  A research design is a plan which structures a study to ensure that the data collected and generated will contain the information needed to answer the initial inquiry as fully and clearly as possible. This sub-section describes the nature and type of the study, and the overall approach in the conduct of the study.
• Research Locale


  It describes where the study is conducted. Usually a figure or a map is attached after the description of the locale.
• Respondents of the Study

  It describes who will take part in the study or to whom the research is subjected. It also states how many respondents will take part on the study and what sampling technique is used in the selection of samples.
• Research Instrument/ Data Collection Method


  This section states the method or instrument used to gather data and measure variables.
• Data Gathering Procedure


  It is where the general and specific procedures on how to conduct the study is stated. Usually, a flow chart or a flow diagram of the study is presented after the procedure is discussed.
• Data Analysis


  This states the statistic used to analyze the results in the study. It also states a justification on the use of certain statistical tools in the study. In qualitative research, this is where the researcher states how the data collected will be analyzed, processed, and interpreted (e.g. thematic/ narrative analysis).
• Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data (Results and Discussions)

  • It contains the data and findings of the study. Tables and figures like graphs, diagrams and other forms of illustrations are commonly used to present results or data. Data presentation is followed by analysis and discussion of data. The results portion presents the data that you have collected. The discussion portion provides the explanation for the results that you have reported.