PSY4 CHAP5-6

• John Darley and Bibb Latane

  Social Psychologists who proposed a counterintuitive hypothesis
• Bystander effect,

  • is the phenomenon in which the presence of people (i.e., bystanders) influences an individual's likelihood of helping a person in an emergency situation.
• They also suggested the theory that this happens because each witness feels less responsible for helping—a process referred to as the “diffusion of responsibility.”
• EXPERIMENT is a type of study designed specifically to answer the question of whether there is a causal relationship between two variables.
• The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study.
• The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.
• The different levels of manipulations of the independent variable are called conditions
• Extraneous variables any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study.
• Internal Validity is the extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship established in a study cannot be explained by other factors.
• External validity examines whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts.
• Internal Validity is a measure of how well a study is conducted (its structure) and how accurately its results reflect the studied group.
• Internal Validity is the extent to which a research study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship.
• External Validity refers to how well the outcome of a research study can be expected to apply to other settings.
• External Validity is important because, if it is established, it means that the findings can be generalizable to similar individuals or populations.

   
• Extraneous Variables is anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variables.
• Extraneous Variables is any variable you're not interested in studying that could also have some effect on the dependent variable.
• Situational Variables aspects of the environment e.i. lighting condition, noise, visual distraction (type of extraneous variables)
• Experimenter Bias refers to ways in which the experimenter may accidently bias the way that individuals behave in an experiment.
• Demand Characteristics any clues in the experiment that could give away the true purpose of the research to the individuals.
• Participant Variables refers to natural variance/inconsistency among individuals and the ways in which this could affect the results of the experiment.
• A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE is a type of extraneous variable that interferes directly with the outcome of a study. This type of extraneous variable may affect both the dependent and independent variables, as well as the outcome of the study.
• Extraneous Variables is any variable that could influence the dependent variable.
• Confounding Variables is a type of extraneous variable that influences the dependent variable and also correlates with or causally affect the independent variable.
• • Random sampling giving the participants to have an equal chance of being chosen.
• Standardized procedures create standard procedures to keep the environment the same
• Counterbalancing – giving particular order of events in the study.
• Masking also known as double-blind method. asking someone who's not aware of the purpose of the research to administer the experiment
• Standardizing the Procedure

  Refers to the process in which procedures used in research are kept the same. Great attention is taken to keep all elements of a procedure identical
• Recruiting Participants

  Use participants from a formal subject pool-an established group of people who have agreed to be contacted about participating in research studies
• Record Keeping

  • Have a good record with your experiment

  generate a written sequence of conditions before the study begins and then to test each new participant in the next condition in the sequence.