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• Neighbourhood Types

  • Ethnic based - e.g. Little Italy, Chinatown
  • Lifestyle based - e.g. Yuppies, "Yonge & Eligibles"
  • Built form based - e.g. suburbs, Waterfront Condos
  • Historical based - Yorkville, Weston, The Annex
  • Planners like to create neighbourhoods where they perhaps once existed. (historical)
  • BIAs (Business Improvement Areas) like to invent them, whether they existed or not. (commercial/retail/lifestyle)
• Where people live: Why does it matter?

  It matters because where people live is an OUTCOME for various ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL factors
• Factors that influence where people live

  • How did they migrate to Canada? Did any one help them, e.g., immigration agency, family members?
  • What kind of housing is available and where?
  • What is their economic situation?
  • What is the attitude of the receiving society toward this PARTICULAR GROUP of newcomers?
• 'Race'


  Ideas about 'Race' and 'Ethnicity' are among the most powerful sources of human identity: "who am I"...
• Ethnicity


  A way in which individuals define their personal identity and a type of social stratification that emerges when people form groups based on their real or perceived origins, and/or 'culture'
• Identity


  The elements that make up the view that people take of themselves
• Ethnic Identity


  Ethnic identity is a socio-psychological phenomenon that is derived from membership to an ethnic group
• Racialisation


  The ideological and systemic processes by which people are designated as being of a particular "race"
• Neighbourhood

  Geographical, People, Neighbourhood
• Sense of Place: A Definition


  Can be broadly defined as how one feels about a place, their sense of attachment to it
• Transnationalism


  Transnational migration: "a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country"
• Residential Segregation


  Situations where members of a minority group are not distributed uniformly across residential space in relation to the rest of the population
• Segregation Index (SI)


  The extent to which the Greeks are segregated from the rest of the population in Toronto
• Index of Dissimilarity (ID)


  The extent to which Greeks are segregated from each of the non-Greek 'ethnic' groups in Toronto
• Who is an Ethnic (Visible) Minority?

  • Not a part of the charter group (i.e., neither of British nor French origin in Canada)
  • Belonging to a group that is defined or characterized by various axes of Social Identities (e.g., 'race', religion, nationality and culture)
  • EVERYONE IN CANDA IS AN IMMIGRANT (EXCEPT FOR THE FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE)
• Who is a Visible Minority in Canada?

  • People other than Aboriginals, Non-Caucasian in 'race' or non-white in colour
  • In 2016, comprised 51% of Toronto's population
  • 10 Largest Groups in 2016: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, South-East Asian, West Asian, Korean, Japanese
• Why do Ethnic Minorities Segregate?

  • Defense
  • Support
  • Cultural Preservation
  • Action/Lobbying
  • All By "Choice"?
• Spatial Expressions of Ethnic Residential Segregation

  • Colonies
  • Enclaves
  • Ethnoburb
  • Ghetto
• Colonies


  Port of entry for an immigrant group, Transitional Space which often leads to Cultural Assimilation and ultimately Spatial Dispersal
• Enclaves


  Immigrants have settled by necessity and/or by choice, Has a particular territorial configuration and is more permanent, Predominantly low income area
• Factors necessary for ethnic enclave development

  • A high volume of immigration from a given area
  • A sustained flow of immigrants over time
  • Residential concentration
  • Commercial/Retail concentration
• Institutional Completeness


  The degree to which an ethnic community can provide all the necessary services required by its members
• Ethnoburb


  Relatively affluent area, Immigrants have settled by choice, Usually a suburban location
• Sequent-Occupance


  The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
• Ghetto


  Ethnic or Immigrant groups have settled by constraint, These concentrations are Permanent, Often caused by Institutional Discrimination though the operation of Housing Markets
• "Good" Effects of Segregation

  • Ethnic Capital (i.e., ethnic network and ethnic concentration)
  • Economic Opportunities (knowledge of the job market, including the informal sector)
  • Safety
  • Social Cohesion (familial bonds and neighbouring practices)
  • Retention of Cultural Heritage (cultural (re)production, language retention)
• Culture vs. Ethnicity

  Ethnicity: sharing the same ancestral place of origin, a common heritage or roots – but not necessarily place of birth, More static (rooted in the past)

  Culture: based on shared values, beliefs and rules of conduct that make people behave in a certain way, a common language, the production of art and artifacts, reflective of a way of life that is passed down through generations, More dynamic and evolving (the everyday)
• "Bad" Effects of Segregation

  • More poverty concentrates in a few neighbourhoods
  • Poor neighbourhoods can become more vulnerable to economic downturns
  • Limited knowledge within ethnic networks
• The Ward (past)
• Rexdale-Kipling (present)
• Globurbia: Suburban place-making amidst diversity