biology

• What is a pathogen?


  A disease causing organism
• What 4 types of pathogen are there?

  Bacteria, virus, fungi and protist
• How can disease be spread in animals and plants?

  By direct contact, water or air
• What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?

  Reproduce rapidly
• What do bacteria release to make us feel ill?

  Release toxins
• How do viruses make us feel ill?

  The live and reproduce inside our cells, damaging them.
• What are two symptoms of measles?

  Fever and a red skin rash
• How do we protect against measles?

  Most children are vaccinated against it in the MMR vaccine
• What viruses does the MMR vaccine contain?

  Measles, mumps and rubella
• How is measles spread?

  The inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
• What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

  Flu-like symptoms
• What do we use to control the reproduction of HIV?

  Antiretroviral drugs
• Where does HIV reproduce?

  Inside our white blood cells
• What is AIDS?


  A condition in which our immune system has been so badly damaged by HIV that it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
• How is HIV spread?

  Sexual contact, or exchange of body fluids such as blood when drug users share needles.
• What is TMV?


  Tobacco mosaic virus
• What are symptoms of TMV?

  A mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves which reduces growth due to a lack of photosynthesis
• How is TMV spread?

  Direct contact between plants
• What type of pathogen causes salmonella and gonorrhoea?

  Bacteria
• What type of cell is a bacterial cell?

  Prokaryotic
• Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

  Free floating in the cytoplasm, and some may be in a plasmid (a ring of DNA)
• What else do prokaryotic cells often have that most animal cells don't?

  A cell wall, a slime capsule, pili and a flagellum.
• How is salmonella spread?

  Through contaminated food
• How do we control the spread of salmonella?

  Vaccinate poultry against it
• What symptoms are caused by salmonella?

  Vomiting, diarrhoea, fever and abdominal cramps
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  It is a STD, so transmitted through sexual contact
• What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick green/yellow discharge from the penis or vagina and pain on urinating.
• How do we treat gonorrhoea?

  Using penicillin antibiotics, until resistant bacteria appeared.
• How can we stop the spread of gonorrhoea?

  Using barriers such as condoms and by completing antibiotic courses
• What pathogen causes rose black spot and athlete's foot?

  Fungi
• What are symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots develop on leaves which turn yellow and drop early.
• How does rose black spot affect the growth of plants?

  It is reduced as there is less photosynthesis occurring
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Through water and the wind
• How is athlete's foot spread?

  Direct contact
• How can we treat rose black spot?

  Through the use of fungicides and destroying affected leaves
• What pathogen causes malaria?

  Protists
• What organism transports the protist pathogen between hosts and acts as a vector?

  Mosquitoes
• An organism that spreads disease without directly causing it

  A vector
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurrent fevers and can lead to death
• How do we prevent malaria?

  Control the vectors from breeding and by using mosquito nets or insect repellent to prevent insect bites.