biology 1

• what type of cell are animal and plant cells?

  animal and plant cells are eukaryotes
• what type of cells are bacteria?

  bacteria cells are prokaryotes
• what are cells?


  the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
• a bacteria is a...

  a bacteria is a whole organism
• how do bacterium reproduce?

  bacteria does asexual reproduction
• animals and plants are...

  animals and plants are multicellular
• what is happening when eukaryote cells divide

  they are growing or just replacing dead cells
• what is inside an animal cell?

  - cell membrane

  - nucleus

  - cytoplasm

  - mitochondria

  - ribosomes
• what is inside a plant cell?

  - cell membrane

  - nucleus

  - cytoplasm

  - mitochondria

  - ribosomes

  - rigid cell wall

  - permanent vacuole

  - chloroplast
• what does the cell membrane do?

  the cell membrane controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell
• what is the nucleus?

  the nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
• what is cytoplasm?


  cytoplasm is a jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place, this is also where anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) takes place
• what is mitochondria?


  mitochondria provides cells with the energy they need to function, and where most aerobic respiration (with oxygen) takes place
• what are ribosomes?


  ribosomes is the site of protein synthesis, where proteins are made
• what is a cell wall?

  plant cells have a rigid cell wall that is made up of cellulose, cellulose is really strong so it provides support and structure for the plant cell
• what is a permanent vacuole?

  permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which is made up of sugars, salts and water
• what is chloroplast?


  chloroplast is where photosynthesis happens, it also contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light a energy needed for photosynthesis, chlorophyll makes leaves green
• bacteria are..


  bacteria are unicellular as the only have on prokaryotic cell
• what is inside a bacteria cell?

  - cell membrane

  - cell wall

  - ribosomes

  - cytoplasm

  - circular strand of DNA

  - plasmids

  - flagella (some bacteria)
• what does the circular strand of DNA contain?

  it contains genes the bacteria cell need to survive with and to reproduce, this floats freely in the cytoplasm
• what are plasmids?


  they are small rings of DNA, that carry extra genes like antibiotic resistance
• what is a flagella?

  a flagella is a thread like structure that have protrude out from the bacteria and are able to rotate to propel the bacteria along (move around)
• true of false? bacteria cells are smaller than animal cells


  true
• what is an object?

  the real object or sample you are looking at
• what is an image?

  the image that we see when we look down the microscope
• what is magnification?


  magnification is how many times larger the image is than the object
• what is the equation of magnification?

  magnification = image size/object size
• what is resolution?


  resolution is the shortest distance between two points on an object that can still be distinguished as two separate entities (a measure of how detailed the image is)
• what are the different parts of a light microscope?

  - base

  - light source (mirror)

  - arm

  - stage

  - microscope slide

  - fine focusing knob

  - coarse focusing knob

  - objective lenses

  - body tube

  - eyepiece lens
• what is the purpose of a microscope?

  a microscope is designed to magnify small objects so that they appear larger
• what is the pathway of light through a microscope?

  light source -> stage -> microscope slide -> object -> objective lens -> body tube -> eyepiece lens -> eye
• what are the benefits of a light microscope?


  - they are easy to use

  - they are relatively cheap
• what are the disadvantages of a light microscope?

  - as they only rely on light which has a wavelength of 0.2 micrometers the resolution is limited to 0.2 micrometers as well, making it appear blurry

  - not good enough to study sub cellular structures
• what are the benefits of an electron microscopes?

  - uses electrons instead of light, electrons have a wavelength of 0.1 nanometers and so there maximum resolution is 0.1 nanometers ( 2000x better than light microscopes)

  - can be used to study sub cellular structures
• what are the disadvantages of an electron microscopes?

  - they are very expensive

  - they are hard to use, really big (used by scientist in laboratories)
• what are the units of conversion for microscopes starting from smallest to biggest?

  nanometers -> micrometers -> millimeters -> meters -> kilometers ( going along this line you divide by 1000) (going the opposite way you multiple by 1000)
• roughly how large is a bacteria cell?

  1 micrometer across
• how do you find the image size using the magnification equation?


  image size = objects size x magnification
• what is the cell cycle?

  a cell cycle is the life cycle of the cell, three main stages are growth, DNA replication + mitosis and division (cytokinesis)
• what happens when a cell grows?

  - when a cell grows in size at the same time it increases the number of sub cellular structures it contains

  - next the DNA is replicated so the two new cells will each have a full set of DNA