EAPP

• Citing


  The process of quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in scholarly work
• Primary data is defined by an author
• Secondary data is defined by an author and cited by another person in his/her own text
• What you need in citing

  • The author's surname
  • The year the text was published
• 3 Ways to Cite

  • At the beginning of the text
  • At the end of the text
  • On either sides of the text
• Citing at the beginning of the text

  1. According to Paulin (2021), citation is the process of quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in scholarly work

  2. Other verbs: As stated by Paulin (2021), Paulin in 2021 defined citation as, forwarded, suggested, proclaimed, reiterated, emphasized, cited, etc.
• Citing at the end of the text


  Citation is the process of quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in scholarly work (Paulin, 2021)
• Citing on both ends of the text

  According to Paulin, citation is the process of quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in scholarly work (2021)
• Referencing printed books


  • Complete name of the author
  • Year the book was published
  • Complete title of the book
  • Publication company
• Referencing e-books


  • Complete name of the author
  • Year the book was published
  • Complete title of the book
  • Publication company
  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Referencing printed newspaper articles

  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of the newspaper
  • Title of the article
  • Name of Newspaper
  • Page number(s)
• Referencing online newspaper articles

  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of the newspaper
  • Title of the article
  • Name of Newspaper
  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Referencing printed journal articles

  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of publication
  • Title of Article
  • Name of Journal Article
  • Volume and Issue Number
  • Page Number
• Referencing online journal articles

  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of publication
  • Title of Article
  • Name of Journal Article
  • Volume and Issue Number
  • Page Number
  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Referencing YouTube Videos


  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of the video
  • Title of the video
  • Title of the website
  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Referencing Websites


  • Complete name of the author
  • Date of the website
  • Title of the page
  • Website name
  • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Most Notable Changes in the APA 7th Edition (2020)
• For sources with three or more authors, use the first author's surname in text, and abbreviate the rest of the list with "et al."
• Use surnames and initials for up to 20 authors. List the first 19 authors and the last one, using an ellipses (...) to show that some authors have been omitted (do not use an ampersand &).
• The publication location is no longer included in the reference.
• URLs are no longer preceded by "Retrieved from," unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it's the same as the author).
• For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.
• For sources with two authors, separate using "&"
• For sources with no month or date indicated, use n.d. meaning "no date"
• For sources with no author indicated, put the title of the article in its place
• When writing the reference "list", items should be arranged in alphabetical order
• In each reference item, all the lines AFTER the first line are indented
• Format mandated by APA (American Psychological Association)
• Primary sources


  Immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Primary sources are information that is publicly available and accessible.
• Examples of primary sources

  • Texts of laws and other original documents
  • Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did
  • Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or wrote
  • Original research
  • Datasets, survey data, such as census or economic statistics
  • Photographs, video, or audio that capture an event
• Secondary sources


  One step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic but add a layer of interpretation and analysis.
• Examples of secondary sources

  • Most books about a topic
  • Analysis or interpretation of data
  • Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved
  • Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be considered primary sources)
• Whether something is a primary or secondary source often depends upon the topic and its use.
• A biology textbook would be considered a secondary source if in the field of biology, since it describes and interprets the science but makes no original contribution to it.
• On the other hand, if the topic is science education and the history of textbooks, textbooks could be used a primary sources to look at how they have changed over time.
• In-text citation


  Inserted in the body of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the reference list at the end of the paper.
• In-text citation format


  • Last name of the author followed by a comma and the publication year enclosed in parentheses
  • If quoting directly, the page number should be included, if given. If paraphrasing, the page number is not required
  • If the author's name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the title, such as italics
• In-text citation when author's name is in the sentence

  • Include the date after the name and the page number (if there is one) at the end of the quotation or paraphrased section
• In-text citation for two sources by the same author and year

  • Assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c, etc.) according to which title comes first alphabetically. Use these letters in both in-text citations and the Reference list.
• Citing a work quoted in another source

  For reference list, cite the secondary source. For in-text citation, cite the primary source and then write "as cited in" the secondary source. If you know the year of the publication of the primary source, include it in the in-text citation.