EAPP 4TH MASTERY

• Abbreviation


  An important feature of contemporary English used to save space in writing
• Types of abbreviation


  • Shortened words
  • Acronyms
  • Punctuation
• Shortened words


  Shortened version of words that are generally accepted in modern English
• Acronyms

  Made up by taking the first letters of words building up a name, sometimes pronounced as actual words
• Punctuation abbreviations


  Standardized abbreviations that end with a period to indicate a full stop and express that a word is an abbreviation
• Abbreviations used in academic writing

  • n.d. (No date)
  • e.g. (For example, exempli gratia)
  • i.e. (That is, id est)
• Noun


  The name of a person, place, thing, animal, state, or quality
• Types of nouns


  • Proper nouns
  • Common nouns
  • Collective nouns
  • Mass nouns
  • Concrete nouns
  • Abstract nouns
• Proper noun


  The name of a specific person, place, or thing, with the first letters capitalized
• Proper nouns


  • Daphne
  • Monday
  • Muntinlupa City
• Common noun


  The general name of a person, place, or thing
• Common nouns


  • postman
  • city
  • church
  • school
  • court
• Collective noun


  A class or group taken as one
• Mass noun


  A formless object that cannot be counted, measured by using a quantifier
• Concrete noun


  A noun with physical existence that can be received by any of the five senses
• Concrete nouns


  • wall
  • wine
  • garbage
  • postcard
  • perfume
• Abstract noun


  A noun without physical existence
• Pronoun


  A word that stands for a noun or takes the place of a noun
• Types of pronouns


  • Personal pronoun
  • Compound personal pronoun
  • Relative pronoun
  • Demonstrative pronoun
  • Interrogative pronoun
  • Indefinite pronoun
• Personal pronouns


  The first person pronoun refers to the person speaking, the second person pronoun refers to the person spoken to, and the third person pronoun refers to the person or thing being spoken about
• Cases of personal pronouns

  • Nominative case
  • Objective case
  • Possessive case
• Nominative case


  The pronoun is used as a subject or predicate nominative/subjective complement
• Nominative case


  • I am beautiful
  • The winner is she
• Objective case


  The pronoun is used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition
• Objective case


  • We met them in Baguio
  • You have to award him the medal
  • Are you finally going out with him?
• Possessive case


  The pronoun is used to show ownership or possession
• Possessive case


  • My crush is mine
  • These paintings are theirs
• Compound personal pronouns


  Formed by adding -self or -selves to some personal pronouns, including reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns
• Reflexive and intensive pronouns


  • myself
  • ourselves
  • yourself
  • yourselves
  • himself
  • herself
  • itself
  • themselves
• Reflexive pronouns


  Used as a direct object or indirect object, usually coming after the verb
• Reflexive pronouns


  • He cut himself when he was shaving
  • The cat scratched itself with its paws
• Intensive pronouns


  Used to emphasize that the action is done by the antecedent
• Intensive pronouns


  • Mother herself baked the cake
  • I myself let him go
• Relative pronouns


  Used to introduce most adjective clauses and connect them to the main clause
• Relative pronouns


  • that
  • which
  • who
  • whom
  • whose
• Demonstrative pronouns


  Used to point out a specific person or thing
• Demonstrative pronouns


  • That is the road less traveled
  • Are these the breeches you have been bragging about?
• Interrogative pronouns


  Used to ask questions
• Interrogative pronouns


  • What is nanotechnology?
  • Who painted the "Starry, Starry Night?"
• Singular indefinite pronouns


  • another
  • anybody
  • anyone
  • anything
  • each
  • either
  • everybody
  • everyone
  • everything
  • much
  • neither
  • nobody
  • no one
  • nothing
  • one
  • other
  • somebody
  • someone
  • something