ABO Blood Group System

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Created by
YESSA mae

Cards (93)

  • HDFN
    • MOST COMMON CAUSE: ABO
    • SECOND MOST CAUSE: RH
  • ISBT 001- ABO
    ISBT 002 - MNS
    ISBT 003 - P1PK
    ISBT 004 - RH
    ISBT 005 - LUTHERAN
    ISBT 006 - KELL
    ISBT 007 - LEWIS
    ISBT 008 - DUFFY
    ISBT 009 - KIDD
    ISBT 010 - DIEGO
  • ABO
    • Most common cause of HTR and HDN
    • Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901
  • ABO Forward Typing / Front/ Direct Typing
    Specimen: Patient RBC
    Reagent: Uses commercial antisera, Anti –A (Blue color due to trypan or methylene blue), Anti- B (Yellow color due to flavin)
    Use: Detection of ABO Antigens
  • ABO Reverse Typing / Back / Indirect Typing /Serum Typing
    Specimen: Serum/plasma
    Reagent: A cells, B cells
    Use: Detection of ABO antibodies
  • BLOOD COMPONENTS
    1. WB
    2. PRBC
    3. PLT
    4. FFP/PLASMA
  • ABO Reverse Typing
    INVERSELY - Relationship between forward and reverse typing
    20 - seconds Centrifugation time
    O - Universal donor of whole blood or packed RBC
    AB - Universal acceptor/recipient of whole blood or packed RBC
    AB - Universal donor of plasma products
    O - Universal acceptor/recipient of plasma product
  • GRADING OF AGGLUTINATION
    0 - No agglutinates
    W+ - Many tiny agglutinates
    1+ (25%) - Many small agglutinates
    2+ (50%) - Many medium-sized agglutinates
    3+ (75%) - Several large agglutinates
    4+ (100%) - One large, solid agglutinate
  • A x A
    Possible outcome: Blood type A and O
  • B x B
    Possible outcome: Blood type B and O
  • AB x AB
    Possible outcome: Blood type A, B, AB
  • O x O
    Possible outcome: Blood type O
  • A x B
    Possible outcome: A, B, AB, O
  • ABO Genes -Chromosome #9
    A and B -genes Dominant
    O gene - Amorph /silent, Recessive ,No A and/or B antigen is/are produced
  • H
    • L-fucosyltransferase
    A
    • N-acetylgalactosyltransferase
    B
    • D-Galactosyltransferase
    AB
    • N-acetylgalactosyltransferase
    • D-Galactosyltransferase
  • Amount of H antigens (greatest to least)
    0>A2>B>A2B>A1B
  • The H antigen is actually the precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made
  • Genes does not actually code for the production of antigens but rather produce specific glycosyltransferase
  • Source of Anti-A1 lectin: From Plant Dolichos biflorus
  • H1 AND H2 = Unbranched straight chain
  • H3 AND H4 = Complex branched chain
  • A1 - 80% of the A population - A AND A1 ANTIGEN
  • A2 – 20% of the A population, "A" ANTIGEN ONLY
  • ANTI-AB
    • Used to identify weak subgroups of A and B
    • Has a higher titer compared to Anti-A or Anti-B alone
    • COLORLESS REAGENT
  • OTHER SUBGROUPS OF A

    1. A3 - Mixed field agglutination with anti-A and or anti-AB
    2. Ax Weak agglutination with anti-AB only
    3. Aend - <10% red cell shows very weak mf agglutination
    4. Am - No agglutination with anti-A and anti-AB, secretors demonstrate quantities of A substance in saliva
    5. Ay- No agglutination with Anti-A and anti-AB, secretors contain small amount of A substance in saliva
    6. Ael - No agglutination with anti-A and Anti-AB, secretors contain only H substance and no substance in saliva
  • B –Subgroups
    1. B3 - Mixed field agglutination with anti-B and or anti-AB
    2. Bx Agglutination with Anti-AB (wk /0 with anti-B)
    3. Bm - No agglutination with anti-B and anti-AB, secretors demonstrate quantities of B substances in saliva
    4. Bel - No agglutination with anti-B and anti-AB, secretors contain only H substance and no B substance in saliva
  • ABO antigens are present in all tissue and organs of the body
  • ABH ANTIGENS ON RBC -
    • can be glycolipids, glycoproteins, or glycosphingolipids
    • RBC antigens are synthesized only on type 2 precursor chains.
  • ABH ANTIGENS ON SECRETION
    • Secreted substances are glycoproteins
    • Secreted substances are primarily synthesized on type 1 precursor chains.
  • Alloantibodies- requires exposure to specific antigens
  • Isoagglutinins - naturally occurring
  • ABO ANTIBODIES
    • ABO antibodies may be IgG, IgM (Predominant), and IgA
    • naturally occurring antibodies because they are produced without any exposure to RBCs.
    • ABO antibody production is initiated at birth, but titers are generally too low for detection until infants are 3 to 6 months old.
  • Blood Type 'A'
    Antibody present: Anti-B
    Predominant Class: IgM
  • Blood Type 'B'
    Antibody present: Anti-A
    Predominant Class: IgM
  • Blood Type ',O'
    Antibody present: Anti-A and Anti-B
    Predominant Class: IgG
  • ABO Forward Typing / Front/ Direct Typing
    PRINCIPLE: DAT/Hemagglutination
    Blood Type Antigen: 'A'
    Reaction With Anti-A: (+)
    Reaction with Anti-B: (-)
  • ABO Forward Typing / Front/ Direct Typing
    PRINCIPLE: DAT/Hemagglutination
    Blood Type Antigen: 'B'
    Reaction With Anti-A: (-)
    Reaction with Anti-B: (+)
  • ABO Forward Typing / Front/ Direct Typing
    PRINCIPLE: DAT/Hemagglutination
    Blood Type Antigen: 'AB'
    Reaction With Anti-A: (+)
    Reaction with Anti-B: (+)
  • ABO Forward Typing / Front/ Direct Typing
    PRINCIPLE: DAT/Hemagglutination
    Blood Type Antigen: '0'
    Reaction With Anti-A: (-)
    Reaction with Anti-B: (-)
  • ABO Reverse Typing / Back / Indirect Typing /Serum Typing
    Specimen: Serum/plasma
    Reagent: A cells, B cells
    Use: Detection of ABO antibodies
    Blood Type Antigen: 'A'
    Reaction With A cells: (-)
    Reaction with B cells: (+)