ppt 1.4

• Green manure - crop usually leguminous crops grown for a specific period of time and then plowed under into the soil to improve soil fertility
• Silage - forage crops harvested, processed and stored for animal feeds
• Soilage - forage crops which are cut when green and succulent and are directly fed to livestock
• Catch crop - fast-growing crop grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of a main crop
• Cover crop - grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion and minimize weeds
• Companion crop-planting one plant in proximity to another due the benefits it bestows on the other crop like insect-repelling qualities
• Trap crop - a crop grown to protect the main crop from biotic and abiotic factors
• The Plant Cells: Parts and Functions• The smallest unit of every living organism• i. cell wall• li. protoplasm-cytoplasm-nucleus• iii. vacuoles
• Cell wall• Provides mechanical protection and rigidity to the plant cell• Consists of cellulose that overcome pressure due to its elastic property • Composed of cellulose, pectic substances and lignin.
• Middle lamella (Where pectin cements adjacent cells together)
• Primary wall (Thin, not rigid, stretched as the cell grows, layer formed before and during growth of the plant cell, consists of cellulose microfibril, have primary pit fields, thin areas that transverse by numerous protoplasmic strands called plasmodesmata)
• Secondary wall (Rigid, thick, formed after cell completes growth)
• Protoplasm - living portion of the cell.
• Cytoplasm• All living matter of the cell apart from the nucleus•Gel-like material or fluid in which the cell's organelles and internal membrane system are suspended
• • Plasmalemma/plasma membrane Functions:Allows some substances to cross easily and completely block substancesAccumulates the ions or the molecules in the cytosol through the action of transport proteins that consumes metabolic energyCoordinates the formation of cell wall microfibrils
• Ribosomes Small particles about 17-23 nm in diameter containing an equal polyribosomes or polysomes Functions: -For protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Flattened disks or tubular sacs

  Functions

  -Rough ER- involved in the synthesis of lipid

  -Smooth ER- involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins
• Golgi Apparatus (bodies) (dictyosomes)consists of stack of flattened hallow disks called cistemae) or golgi bodies FunctionsInvolved in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glucose units for cell wall formation.-Secretes protein and carbohydrates from the cell to the exterior part (ex. Nectar coming out from the flower)
• 5. Mitochondria Small cylindrical organelles enclosed by two-unit membranes• a. outer membrane- Permeable for smaller particles, contains the respiratory chain component and enzymes for the synthesis of ATP.• b. Inner membrane- Impermeable and folded into numerous cristae
• Plastids Differentiated into system of membrane (2 units) and ground substance, the stroma
• Microbodies Spherical organelles bounded only by one membrane, about 0.5 to 1.5 micrometer in diameter.

  Function:

  • Peroxisomes microbodies that acts as glycolytic acid metabolism associated with photorespiration

  • Lyoxysomes microbodies contain enzymes needed for the conversion of fats into carbohydrates during germination in many seeds
• 9. Vacuoles Enclosed by a unit membrane called tonoplast -Dumping house of the cell, contains water and other substancesFunctions: -Absorb toxic products -Stores various metabolites
• 10. Lysosome - An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.Function:-Key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal.They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
• Nucleus Contain the genetic information indispensable for the cells life and metabolic functionFunction:-Controls the activities of the cell by determining which protein molecules are produced and when they are produced-Stores the genetic information
• PLANT TISSUE• Composed of cells usually similar in structure and function• It is simple if it contains one cell type• It is more complex, it is made up of several types of cells
• PLANT ORGAN• Composed of several tissues with distinct structures and functions
• PLANT SYSTEM - Composed of interacting organs that coordinate as a functional complex in the life of the organ