Ground: This packing and supportive tissue accounts for much of the bulk of the young plants. It also functions as food manufacture and storage. It contains three main cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
Dermal Tissue: This is the plant's protective outer covering in contact with the environment. It facilitates water and ion uptake in roots and regulates gas exchange in leaves and stems
Vascular Tissue: Together the phloem and xylem form a continuous vascular system throughout the plant. This tissue conducts water and solutes between organs and also provides mechanical support
1. Meristematic Tissue: Part of a plant where cell division (mitosis) or production of new cells occurs. a. Apical meristem: Tip of stem and roots (shoot or root apical meristem); give rise to the primary meristem. b. Lateral meristem: Stem and roots. b1. Vascular cambium. b2. Phellogen (cork cambium). c. Intercalary meristem: Internodes and bases of young leaves
2. Permanent Tissues: Derived from meristems which have attained maturity form thus perform their specific function. a. Epidermis: Outermost layers of cells of the primary plant body. Contain stomata, trichomes (appendages). b. Parenchyma: Found in the cortical regions of stems and roots and in the mesophyll of the leaves. Living cells that have diverse functions ranging from storage and support to photosynthesis and phloem loading, specialized for light penetration and regulation of gas exchange. c. Collenchyma: Thickened tissue found in the cortex of the stem and petioles or along the veins of the leaves. Its cells are alive at maturity and have only a primary wall
Complex permanent tissue/types of vascular tissues
1. Xylem conducts water and mineral salts upward the plant body
2. Consists of Tracheids, vessel membrane, xylem fibers, xylem parenchyma
3. Phloem distributes the dissolved food materials between the source and sinks consists of sieve tube element (Chief food conducting element), companion cells (Parenchyma cells always found besides the sieve tubes; moves food in and out of the sieve-tube member), phloem parenchyma (Like ordinary parenchyma cells), phloem fibers (Like schlerenchyma cells)
2. Region of cell division 1to few mm above the root cap; have small cells with thin walls, dense with protoplasm; undergo repeated cell division (meristematic region)
3. Region of elongation lies above meristematic region; extends to 1-5 mm; undergo rapid elongation and enlargement
4. Region of maturation lies above meristematic region of elongation, this region produces root hairs
Orthodox - Dries out naturally on the mother plant to a low MC less than or equal to 20%. Can be dried to low MC less than 5% without damage. Can be stored at low temperature. Ex. Rice, corn, beans, vegetable seeds, pill, etc.
Recalcitrant - Do not dry out normally on the mother plant, shed in moist condition (50-70% MC). Seed larger than orthodox-embryo is only 15% of the orthodox. Killed if MC is reduced below critical values (12-30%). Susceptible to freezing (below 0 degrees C) or chilling (10-15 degrees C). Ex. Seeds of aquatic species, large seeded species, wild rice, tropical fruit crops, jackfruit, cacao, rambutan, lanzones
Only 15% of the orthodox, killed if moisture content is reduced below critical values (12-30%), susceptible to freezing (below 0 degree C) or chilling (10-15 degree C)
Berry - Has an entirely fleshy ovary. Ex. Tomatoes, dates, blueberries, bananas, peppers, cranberries, strawberry
Hesperidium - Have a leathery rind. Examples include oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes
Pepo - Is a type of fruit defined by hard rind and a fleshy inner matrix. Ex. Watermelons, cantaloupe, squash, pumpkins
Drupe - Is a fruit with a fleshy exterior and a single hard, stony pit surrounding the seed. Ex. Cherries, peaches, olives, mango, raspberry, coconut, plums
Achene - Is a single-seeded fruit with seed attached at only one place to the pericarp. Ex. Sunflower, strawberry, buckwheat
Caryopsis - A fruit is similar to an achene; however, the pericarp sticks or clings to the seed. Ex. Corn, rice, barley, rye, amaranth, sorghum, oat, wheat
Samara - Is usually single-seeded with a membranous wing. Ex. Maple, elm, ash
Nut - Is a hard, one-seeded fruit. Ex. Oak, walnut, filbert, hickory
Uricle - Is like an achene, but the ovary wall fits loosely around the seed. Ex. Finger millet, pigweed
Nutlet - Is a small version of a nut. Ex. Birch, hornbeam