Critical Reading Skills

• This involves recognizing the writer’s purpose identifying the tone, persuasive elements used, and recognizing biases.

  Critical Reading
• This refers to a work whose meaning is shaped by referencing or calling to mind other texts.

  Intertext
• This is characterized by the external links embedded in a text by the writer?

  Hypertext
• Name the 3 Claims.

  Claim of Fact

  Claim of Value

  Claim of Policy
• This Claim:

  • Asserts that something has existed, does exist, or will exist
  • Debates whether it is true or false.
  • It can be an assertion of the past, present, or future.

  Claim of Fact
• This Claim:

  • Asserts judgment whether it is good or bad, more or less desirable.
  • It is claiming whether something is good or bad or the other thing is better than the other one?

  Claim of Value
• This Claim:

  • Is something that should or should not be done.
  • The key word is the verb “should”, which implies that some action ought to be taken, but not that it must or will be taken.

  Claim of Policy
• How many types of Logical Fallacies?

  15
• Name the 15 Logical Fallacies.

  H____ G_____________

  I_________ C_________

  P___ H__

  S_______ S____

  F____ A______

  A_____ t_ A________

  A_____ t_ P___

  A_____ t_ I________

  S____ M__

  R__ H______

  F____ D______

  A_ P_______ (B_________)

  A_ H______ (A________ t__ P_____)

  T_ Q_____

  C_____ Q_______

  Hasty Generalization

  Irrelevant Conclusion

  Post Hoc

  Slippery Slope

  False Analogy

  Appeal to Authority

  Appeal to Pity

  Appeal to Ignorance

  Straw Man

  Red Herring

  False Dilemma

  Ad Populum (Bandwagon)

  Ad Hominem (Attacking the Person)

  Tu Quoque

  Complex Question
• This is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or “wrong move” in the construction of an argument.

  Logical Fallacy
• This type of Logical Fallacy is making assumptions.

  Hasty Generalization
• This type of Logical Fallacy is the premise supports a conclusion other than the one it is meant to support.

  Irrelevant Conclusion
• This type of Logical Fallacy is assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B?

  Post Hoc
• What is the Latin Word for Post Hoc?

  Ergo Propter Hoc
• Ergo Propter Hoc means?

  after this, therefore because of this
• This type of Logical Fallacy is the arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there’s really not enough evidence for that assumption.

  Slippery Slope
• This type of Logical Fallacy is where many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations.

  False Analogy
• This type of Logical Fallacy is often add strength to our arguments by referring to respected sources or authorities and explaining their positions on the issues we’re discussing.

  Appeal to Authority
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone.

  Appeal to Pity
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer basically says, “Look, there is no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand. Therefore, you should accept my conclusion on this issue."

  Appeal to Ignorance
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer sets up a wimpy version of the opponent’s position and tries to score point by knocking it down?

  Straw Man
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what’s really at stake. Often, the arguer never returns to the original issue.

  Red Herring
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer sets up the situation so it looks like there are only two choices and then the arguer then eliminates one of the choices, so it seems that we are left with only one option.

  False Dilemma
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer tries to convince the audience to do or believe something because everyone else (supposedly) does.

  Ad Populum
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when someone attacks the person and makes the argument, rather than the argument itself.

  Ad Hominem
• This type of Logical Fallacy is when the arguer points out that the opponent has actually done the thing he or she is arguing against, and concluding that we do not have to listen to the argument?

  Tu Quoque
• This type of Logical Fallacy is a complicated fallacy, an argument that begs the question asks the reader to simply accept the conclusion without providing real evidence.

  Complex Question
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  "My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I’m in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard!”

  Hasty Generalization
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  Mary is from Maine and she loves lobster ravioli.

  Hasty Generalization
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “The seriousness of a punishment should match the seriousness of the crime. Right now, the punishment for drunk driving may simply be a fine. But drunk driving is a very serious crime that can kill innocent people. So the death penalty should be the punishment for drunk driving.”

  Irrelevant Conclusion
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up, Jones is responsible for the rise in crime”

  Post Hoc
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  Cell phone usage has increased exponentially in the last 20 years, Researchers discovered that the incidences of brain cancer have also increased in that time.

  Post Hoc
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we don’t respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. Soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives. It will be the end of civilization. To prevent this terrible consequence, we should make animal experimentation illegal right now.”

  Slippery Slope
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “Guns are like hammers—they’re both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone, And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase on hammers—so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous.”

  False Analogy
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “Life is like a box of chocolates—you never know what you’re going to get.”

  False Analogy
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people, such as actor Guy Handsome, have publicly stated their opposition to it.”

  Appeal to Authority
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  Gun laws should be extremely strict and it should be incredibly difficult to acquire a gun. Many respected people, such as actor Brad Pitt, have expressed their support of this movement.

  Appeal to Authority
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “I know the exam is graded based on performance, but you should give me an A. My chat has been sick my car broke down, and I’ve had a cold, so it was really hard for me to study!”

  Appeal to Pity
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “It’s wrong to tax corporations—think of all the money they give to charity, and of the cost they already pay to run their businesses!”

  Appeal to Pity
• Identify what type of Logical Fallacy is this example:

  “People have been trying for centuries to prove that God exists, But no one has yet been able to prove it, Therefore, God does not exist.”

  Appeal to Ignorance