Achievement and IQ

• Achievement/ Mastery Motivation- Desire for:

  mastery, competence, control

  attainment of high standards
• string-pulling experiment with 2 month old

  recognizing actions produce outcomes (moving limb/string changed image)
• effectance motivation 


  intrinsic desire to control environment

  mastery tasks for the joy of doing so

  mastery motive
• Effectance motivation in infancy play

  actions centered on body (1 primary circular rxns)

  actions on objects (2 primary circular rxns)
• effectance motivation- influences in infancy

  secure attachment

  stimulation

  responsive environment
• achievement motivation 


  value placed on the goal (and the aversiveness of failing)

  expectancies of success (reasonable chances on succeeding)
• explanatory style 


  beliefs concerning cause of success
• explanatory style key elements

  locus of control- internal vs external

  opportunity to change- stable vs unstable
• high achievers 


  prefer moderatley difficult but realistic tasks
• high achievers believe 


  success is due to: internal, stable causes

  failure is due to: internal, unstable; external causes

  have a growth mindset
• as child (high achievers)

  active hobbies

  independence was encouraged

  successes were praised and rewarded

  consumed by a passion

  frequently first borns and 'only'
• low achievers believe


  successes are due to: internal and changeable or external changeable causes

  failures are due to: internal stable causes

  have a fixed mindset
• learned helplessness


  fixed mindset

  avoid challenges
• parents should 


  stress independence

  encourage doing things well

  use an authoritative style

  be consistently supportive

  privode safe, structured, stimulating environment
• preschool should 


  be a mix of academics and play (balance)
• schools should have 


  intelligent teachers

  intelligent students

  supportive parents
• ATI


  Aptitude treatment interaction- goodness of fit
• aptitude treatment interaction 


  students have various levels of ability, learning styles, personalities, and cultural back rounds

  no one teaching method, organization system or philosophy will fit all children
• unrealistic optimist 


  before age 7

  can succeed on almost anything

  persist even after repeated poor performance
• learning goals- mastery orientation

  can become smarter and improve ability if they try

  study to learn something new, are interested
• performance goals/ orientation 


  study to prove they can do it
• intelligence is 


  ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use of knowledge to adapt to new situations

  qualites that enable success in a particular culture and time
• predicting school achievement 


  alfred binet and theodore simon in france made a intellectual test to help determine children who might need help
• what is MA 


  mental age

  chronological age the is typically corresponds to a given level of performance
• what is IQ


  intelligence quotient
• who invented IQ


  william stern in germany
• IQ formula is


  (mental age/ chronological age) x 100
• stanford-binet test 


  believe test measured inherited intelligence
• army alpha tests


  used to separate soldiers into groups

  foot soldiers vs officers

  very culture biased
• immigrant testing 


  H.H. Goddard

  research psychologists at school for mentally retarded (large amount of immigrants fell into this category)
• where were immigrants held

  Ellis island
• general intelligens 


  g- is measured by every task on an IQ test
• special abilities 


  s- specific to a particular task
• chalres sherman 


  a general factor that underlies any and specific mental abilities
• Gardners intelligences 


  linguistic

  logical- mathematical

  musical

  bodily- kinesthetic

  spatial

  interpersonal

  intrapersonal

  naturalistic
• specific brian areas 


  korbinian broddman

  each intelligence can be destroyed by specific brain damage
• savant syndrome 


  limited mental abilities with amazing ability in one or a few
• modern IQ test- not culturally biased 


  used 'g' and IQ

  verbal and performance subscale
• WAIS 


  wechsler adult intelligence scale
• WPPSI- IV


  preschool and primary

  2y 6m- 7y 7m