Human Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE)

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Cards (234)

  • Digestive system types
    • Incomplete digestive system
    • Complete digestive system
  • Incomplete digestive system
    • Lower forms of organism
    • Only one opening (for food and waste)
  • Complete digestive system
    • Higher forms of organism
    • Two openings (one for food entrance, one for exit of waste materials)
  • Digestive system openings
    • Mouth: entrance of food, anterior opening of digestive system
    • Anus: exit of waste products, posterior opening
  • Digestive processes
    • Ingestion: Taking of food
    • Mastication: Chewing of food
    • Digestion: Breaking down of food
    • Absorption: Food into the bloodstream
    • Circulation: Food distribution
    • Assimilation: Incorporation of food into the body tissues and cells
    • Defecation / Egestion: Dumping of waste products
  • Types of digestion
    • Mechanical / Physical: Physical breaking of food from a big piece to small pieces
    • Chemical / Enzymatic: Converting the food into simple substance that can be absorbed and utilized by the body
  • Digestive system parts
    • Accessory parts
    • Digestive glands
    • Digestive tract
  • Accessory parts
    • Oral cavity (mouth)
    • Palate
    • Uvula
    • Tongue
    • Lips
    • Pharynx
    • Teeth
  • Oral cavity (mouth)

    • Entrance of food
  • Palate
    • Hard palate: anterior end of buccal cavity
    • Soft palate: posterior end of buccal cavity
    • Ceiling of the oral cavity
  • Uvula
    • Guards the nasal entrance
    • Prevents the entry of food in the nasal cavity
  • Tongue
    • Holds and directs the food
    • Maneuvers food to the opening of the esophagus
    • Floor of mouth where tongue is located, important in holding food while inside the buccal cavity
    • Attached to the floor of the mouth called FRENULUM
  • Lips
    • Upper lip
    • Lower lip
    • Aid procurement of food
  • Pharynx
    • Cone shaped passageway leading from oral and nasal cavities to esophagus and larynx
    • Helps in breathing and digesting food
    • Nasopharynx: leads to nasal cavity
    • Oropharynx: esophagus
    • Laryngopharynx: leads to larynx
  • Teeth
    • Physical or mechanical digestion
    • Cut food into pieces, shred food
    • Primary teeth: erupt in early stages, first is central incisor, will shed, replace by permanent teeth
    • Permanent teeth: Replaces primary teeth, does not shed
    • Crown: exposed part
    • Root: embedded
    • Neck: between crown and root
    • Enamel: covering of crown
    • Dentin: inside of enamel, major interior
    • Pulp cavity: middle of dentin, contains blood vessels and nerves, lymphatic vessels
    • Cementum: cements root of the tooth, covers and attaches root
  • Digestive glands
    • Salivary glands
    • Liver & glands
    • Pancreas
    • Gastric gland
    • Intestinal gland
  • Salivary glands
    • Moisten and soften the food
    • Helps in chewing & swallowing
    • Aids in digestion - AMYLASE (polysaccharide digestion)
    • Contains antibodies that kill germs
    • Parotid gland: Anterior to the ear
    • Submandibular gland: Inner to mandible
    • Sublingual gland: Below the tongue
  • Liver & glands
    • Liver produces bile
    • Bile: fat emulsification
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile
  • Pancreas
    • Secretion of pancreatic juice, aids in process of digestion because it contains TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE: digestion of protein
    • PANCREATIC AMYLASE: digestion of carbohydrates
    • LIPASE: digestion of fats
  • Duodenum
    • First segment of small intestine that connects to stomach and liver
    • Responsible for breaking down food with enzymes and bile, and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream
  • Gastric gland

    • Produces gastric juice
    • HYDROCHLORIC ACID: protection, kills bacteria, activate pepsinogen (necessary for digestion of protein)
    • PEPSIN: protein digestion
    • MUCIN: protects gastric wall, lubricate wall of stomach
  • Intestinal gland
    • Production of intestinal juice (small intestine)
    • PROTEASE: protein breakdown
    • LIPASE: fat breakdown
    • AMYLASE: carbohydrates breakdown
  • Digestive tract parts
    • Stomach
    • Esophagus (oesophagus)
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
  • Stomach
    • Partial digestion
    • Temporary storage of food
    • Rugae: redundant folds of gastric mucosa that are most prominent when the stomach is collapsed
  • Esophagus (oesophagus)

    • Tube connects stomach from oral cavity
    • Passage of food from oral cavity to the stomach
    • Gastroesophageal sphincter: protect entrance of stomach
    • Pyloric sphincter: protect exit of stomach
  • Small intestine
    • Final digestion and absorption of food
    • 20 ft long
    • Duodenum: 1st and shortest region, secretes secretin (protect duodenum from acid damage) (hormone that regulates water homeostasis and gastric acid secretion)
    • Jejunum: 2nd region
    • Ileum: last and coiled region
  • Large intestine
    • Reabsorption of water and mineral ions (Na and Cl)
    • Formation and temporary storage of feces
    • Cecum: Pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines, receives undigested food
    • Ascending colon: attached to small intestine, appendix (researched that it is related with immune system) is located
    • Transverse colon: a section that runs across the abdomen
    • Descending colon: connects the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon and primarily stores stool that will eventually empty into the rectum
    • Sigmoid colon: connected to the rectum
    • Rectum: Temporary storage of feces
    • Anus: Posterior opening
  • Process of digestion
    1. Oral cavity - accessory parts: Mechanical digestion (chewing and swallowing), Chemical digestion of carbohydrates
    2. Stomach: Mechanical digestion (peristaltic mixing and propulsion), Chemical digestion of proteins, Absorption (nutrients to bloodstream) of lipid-soluble substances, such as aspirin
    3. Small intestine: Mechanical digestion (mixing and propulsion, primarily by segmentation), Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
    4. Large intestine: Mechanical digestion (segmental mixing, mass movement for propulsion), No chemical digestion except by bacteria, Absorption of ions, water, minerals, vitamins, and small organic molecules produced by bacteria
  • Digestive system clinical considerations
    • Bacterial diseases
    • Viral diseases
  • Bacterial diseases

    • Dental caries (tooth decay)
    • Periodontal diseases
    • Trench mouth
  • Dental caries (tooth decay)

    • Caused by Streptococcus mutans (consumes glucose)
    • Glucan: dental plaque formation
    • Lactic acid: tooth enamel breakdown
  • Periodontal diseases
    • Bleeding and sensitive gums
    • Bad breath
    • Tooth discoloration
    • Tooth loosening
    • Caused by: Porphyromonas gingivalis, releases enzymes that causes weakening of gingival tissues (gums and surrounding tissues)
    • Gingivitis: Inflammation of gums
    • Periodontitis: Inflammation of the tissue around the roots of the teeth
  • Trench mouth
    • Also called Vincent's disease or Acute Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)
    • Tissue necrosis
    • Pyorrhea
    • Caused by: Treponema sp., Fusobacterium sp. spirochetes
  • All the 3 oral diseases can result to BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS where the heart valves are weakened because of bacteremia
  • Gastritis
    • Inflammation of the stomach
    • Persist for years or life
    • Can develop peptic or duodenal ulcers
    • Caused by: Helicobacter pylori
  • Cholera
    • Acute Intestinal Infection
    • Food and waterborne infection
    • Fecal-oral route
    • "Rice-water stool"
    • Untreated can cause death in 48 hours
    • Caused by: Vibrio cholera, usually present in feces, lives in feces
  • Dysentery
    • Shigellosis
    • Caused by: Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei: Shia toxin, breakdown of intestinal lining
    • Fecal-oral route
    • Symptoms: Fever, Inflammation of the gut wall, Profuse diarrhea with blood and mucus, Fatal in infants
  • Traveler's diarrhea
    • Severe diarrhea illness in the stomach and small intestine
    • Caused by: Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella
    • Enterotoxins: for attachment
    • Mostly caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
  • Viral diseases
    • Cold sores
    • Whitlow
    • Rotavirus
    • Hepatitis
  • SALMONELLOSIS
    Caused by Salmonella enteritidis