SCI SEMI

• Kinetic Molecular Theory


  Explains the states of matter, and is based on the idea that matter is composed of tiny particles that are always in motion. This theory helps explain observable properties and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases.
• Boyle's Law


  Gives the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the volume of the gas at a constant temperature. The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas at a constant temperature.
• Boyle's Law


  1. P1V1 = P2V2

  2. V2 = P1V1 / P2
• Charles's Law


  States that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin) in a closed system.
• Charles's Law


  V2 = V1T2/T1
• Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778 - 1850) French chemist discovered the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its absolute temperature.
• Gay-Lussac's Law


  States that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.
• When the temperature of a sample of gas in a rigid container is increased


  The pressure of the gas increases as well. This is due to the increase in kinetic energy results in the molecules of gas striking the walls of the container with more force, resulting in a greater pressure.
• Avogadro's Law


  States that the number of moles of a gas is directly proportional to its volume at constant pressure and temperature.
• Combined Gas Law


  Obtained by combining Charle's law, Boyle's Law and Gay-Lussac law. Shows the relationship between temperature, volume and pressure for a fixed quantity of gas.
• Ideal Gas Law states that under the same temperature, pressure and volume all gases contain the same number of molecules
• STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) has a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius or 273 K and a pressure of 1.0 atm or 760 mmHg. At STP, the physical properties of all gases are the same. One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters at 0 at 1 atm.
• Ideal Gas Law


  PV = nRT
• Biomolecules are Carbohydrates and Proteins
• Macromolecule or polymer


  Large molecules composed of many smaller molecules called monomers that link to make a chain
• Natural polymers are produced by living things
• Synthetic polymers are manufactured or synthesized in factories. They include plastics, such as polyethene, nylon, and polystyrene
• Biochemistry


  A study that focuses with substances found in living organisms and of the chemical reactions underlying the processes of life
• Biomolecules


  Organic molecules being produced by living organisms which consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Categories of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  • Rice, pasta, bread and fruits, which are rich in sugar and starch
• Carbohydrates


  Organic molecules that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1
• Monosaccharide


  The simplest carbohydrate that cannot be broken down into smaller units
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose, galactose and fructose
• Glucose


  The most abundant monosaccharide in nature, an important source of energy for humans and animals
• Fructose


  The sweetest among all sugars, found in fruit sugars, nectar of flowers, molasses and honey
• Galactose


  Found in milk sugars, produced in the body through the digestion of the disaccharide lactose
• Glucose, fructose and galactose have the same chemical formula but differ in structure (and are known as isomers) because of the different arrangement of functional groups around the asymmetric carbon
• Disaccharide


  Forms when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration (condensation) reaction, linked by a glycosidic bond
• Disaccharides


  • Lactose (glucose and galactose), maltose (two glucose molecules), sucrose (glucose and fructose)
• Polysaccharide


  Formed when three or more monosaccharides are linked together
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
• Starch


  The stored form of sugars in plants, made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (both polymers of glucose)
• Glycogen


  A polysaccharide sometimes called animal starch, excess glucose stored temporarily in the liver and muscles
• Cellulose


  The most abundant natural biopolymer, a major component of plant cell walls providing structural support
• Chitin


  A polysaccharide-containing nitrogen, a major component of fungal cell walls and exoskeletons
• Amino acids


  The monomers that form proteins, the building blocks of protein
• Peptide bond


  The amide bond formed between amino acids when a molecule of water is released
• Levels of protein structure

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Types of proteins

  • Structural (e.g. collagen, keratin)
  • Contractile (e.g. actin, myosin)
  • Storage (e.g. ovalbumin)
  • Defensive (e.g. antibodies, blood-clotting)
  • Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
  • Hormonal (e.g. insulin)
  • Catalytic (enzymes)