Geography

• Human Wellbeing


  The recognition that everyone around the world, regardless of geography, age, culture, religion or political environment, aspires to live well.
• Happy Planet Index


  HPI

  Ranks each country based on wellbeing

  HPI = wellbeing x life expectancy x inequality of outcome ÷ ecological footprint
• Human Development Index


  HDI

  Measures Education (Literacy rate), Health (life expectancy), and Wealth (GNI/capita) of a country
• Development


  Changes in the economic and social conditions in a country which improves the standards of living of its people
• MEDC (more economically developed country)


  Countries that have a high level of development in terms of economic and social indicators. E.g. Australia, USA, Germany
• LEDC (less economically developed country)


  Countries that have a low standard of living. E.g. Ethiopia, Haiti, Bangladesh
• GDP per capita


  Sum of all the gross value (goods and services) divided by the population of the country
• Spatial Distribution


  How resources, activities and human demographic features of landscapes are arranged across the earth.
• Spatial Association


  The strength of the pattern between the locations/distributions of 2 different geographical features

  "strong" "weak" "no" - spatial association
• Spatial Variation


  When a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations
• Poverty Cycle


  Means that you live on less than $1 a day, remaining in poverty for 3 or more generations. Mainly occurs in developing countries where there is intense, extreme and widespread poverty.
• Gender Inequality


  The unequal treatment of someone based on gender
• GII (Gender Inequality Index)

  A composite measurement of gender inequality based on:

  - reproductive health (infant mortality)

  - empowerment

  - the labour market (% working)

  A low GII = a high human wellbeing
• Sub Saharan Africa


  Any country south or partially south of the Saharan Desert
• Stages of the poverty cycle

  1. Low income families

  2. Poorer educational outcomes for children

  3. Difficulty getting a job

  4. Poorer overall life outcomes
• Primary Industry


  agriculture, mining forestry

  industries concerned with obtaining natural raw materials for conversion into products
• Secondary Industry


  factories, manufacturing

  industries that convert raw materials into commodities and products for the consumers
• Tertiary Industry


  businesses, schools, hospitals, restaurants, shops

  industries concerned with the provision of services to its consumers
• Subsistence farming


  agriculture in which farmers focus on growing food to feed themselves and their families

  local requirement and little-to-no trade surplus
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product)


  value of the total output of all goods and services produced by the residents of a country
• Other reasons for variations in wellbeing

  war, corruption, lack of resources, government, inequality
• Gender Inequality Stats


  women work 2/3 of the worlds working hours, and produce 1/2 of the worlds food

  women earn 10% of worlds incomes and own less than 1% of property

  more than 2/3 of worlds illiterate adults are women
• Reasons for low education of women

  Early marriage, security issues. limited access to schools, war, poverty
• Malaria - defintion


  a life-threatening disease caused by the spread of mosquitos in tropical countries
• Malaria - symptoms, origin, treatments


  fever, chills, fatigue, seizures, difficulty breathing

  began in Africa

  medicine, repellents, nets, protective clothing
• Malaria - stats


  59.4% of global population at risk

  357 people per 100,000

  2022 - 249 million global cases, 608,000 deaths

  Africa 2022 - 235 million cases, 580,000 deaths (94% of global)

  - 76% deaths = child under age of 5
• Malaria - countries impacted


  Sub-saharan africa and oceania

  humid areas = higher chance of malaria
• Malaria & Human Wellbeing

  - kills, devastates economies, long-term health problems

  - reduce school and work attendance, impair brain development

  - pressure on fragile healthcare system, 40% hospital admissions in some African countries

  - annual expenses = 8 billion euros in Africa
• Malaria - Strategy


  Global Malaria Program by WHO to Africa

  Deployment of insecticide-treated nets and repellents

  Research and data collection

  Funding = better sanitation, waste disposal programs, way to stop pooling water = stop mosquito breeding