long quiz

• Leadership and governance


  The most complex but critical building block of any health system. It is about the role of the government in health and its relation to other actors whose activities impact on health. Involves overseeing and guiding the whole health system, private as well as public, in order to protect the public interest.
• Component city is under the direct supervision of a province
• Local health board


  Advises local health agencies on personnel selection and promotion, bids and awards, grievance and complaints
• Three primary exposure routes for hazardous substances

  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
  • Dermal absorption
• Dose


  The amount of hazard that actually enters your body
• Exposure


  The total amount of hazard that comes in direct contact with your body
• Environmental justice


  • Everyone has a right to live in an environment that doesn't make them sick, regardless of their race, culture, or income. Certain communities, often with less economic and political influence, face higher exposure to environmental hazards, resulting in elevated health issues.
• Types of toxicity


  • Acute
  • Subacute
  • Subchronic
  • Chronic
• Chronic effect of toxic exposure


  • Long term damage to organs from prolonged exposure
• Before using a chemical for the first time, you should read and understand the label and MSDS
• Material safety data sheet (MSDS)

  Communicates hazards and safe handling procedures for a chemical
• Stabilization Ponds is a sewage treatment wherein sewage flows through a series of ponds where the solid and liquid wastes undergo a natural breakdown process, including microbial activity
• Lagoon Treatment is where solids are separated out of the raw sewage and are partially digested by anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) bacteria
• Small-bore sewers


  Carry only effluent or liquid wastes
• Lagoon Treatment


  Solids are separated out of the raw sewage and are partially digested by anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) bacteria
• Effluent Disposal System


  The effluent from the tank is then disposed of through effluent disposal drains often referred to as leach or French drains
• Sludge


  The solid substance produced during sewage treatment by bacteria
• Incineration of infectious wastes

  Temperature range: 760-870°C
• Staphylococci are common bacteria that live in the nose
• Staphylococci are not all pathogenic
• Refrigerator temperature


  40°F to prevent the growth of bacteria and maintain food safety
• Minimum internal temperature for cooking poultry

  165°F/73.8°C to ensure food safety
• Doneness is subjective, it is the appearance, texture, color, smell and flavor of food
• Safety is cooking to the required minimum temperature to destroy bacteria
• Purpose of using disposable gloves in food preparation

  To create a barrier to prevent bare hand contact and minimize the risk of contamination
• Prevention of disease means all measures to exclude disease from an unaffected population of animals
• Prevention breaks the chain of transmission at the weakest link of the reservoir host and its routes of transmission
• Geriatric patients are at higher risk of serious illness from zoonotic disease
• Quarantine is not considered a Secondary Prevention measure
• Zoonotic Disease


  A disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans
• Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and ARV are under Secondary Prevention
• HBV is not considered a Zoonotic disease
• Agricultural runoff is the leading cause of water degradation worldwide
• Nonpoint source water pollution


  Pollution that originates from diffuse sources
• Parasitic causes of waterborne infectious diseases

  • Toxoplasma
  • Cyclospora
  • Giardia
• Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium most likely responsible for the gastrointestinal outbreak described in the case study
• Cryptococcus


  An organism that can cause serious respiratory and central nervous system infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. It's commonly found in soil and bird droppings.
• Outbreak investigation


  1. Individuals experienced severe gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming contaminated food at a community event

  2. Symptoms included profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps

  3. Public health officials investigated the outbreak and collected samples for laboratory analysis

  4. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of a bacterium known for causing waterborne diseases
• The bacterium most likely responsible for the outbreak is Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Sources of oil pollution in marine environments

  • Tanker spills
  • Land-based sources
  • Natural seeps
  • Shipping industry operations