Heredity

• The inheritance of traits occurs through the transfer of genes from parents to offspring during reproduction.
• allele


  one form or version of a gene

  
• genotype


  the two alleles inherited for a particular gene; the genetic make up of a trait; the "genes"

  
• phenotype


  an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type; "Physical" traits

  
• dominant


  the allele will always have that trait expressed (seen), if present

  
• recessive


  the allele will only have that trait expressed when the dominant allele is NOT present

  
• homozygous


  two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive

  
• heterozygous


  two different alleles, one dominant and the other recessive

  
• Law of Segregation


  when chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete will recieve only one chromosome from each pair.

  
• Law of Independent Assortment

  the assortment of chromosomes for one trait doesn't affect the assortment of chromosomes for another trait

  
• P generation


  parent generation

  
• F1 generation


  first generation (offspring of the parent generation)

  
• F2 generation


  second generation (offspring of the F1 generation)

  
• pure-bred or true-breeding


  an individual with a homozygous genotype

  
• hybrid


  an individual with a heterozygous genotype

  
• trait


  a genetically determined characteristic

  
• gene


  section of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein.

  
• homologous chromosomes


  the matching chromosomes from your mom and dad

  
• Punnett Square


  Diagram that shows the probability of inheriting traits from parents with certain genes.

  
• Monohybrid cross


  A cross between two organisms looking at one trait

  
• Dihybrid cross


  Across when looking at the likelihood of inheriting two traits together.

  
• Review game


  1. You will be placed in teams

  2. Team members will work together to answer review questions

  3. Write answers on whiteboard

  4. Hold up answers on teacher's cue

  5. Correct answers = 2 points

  6. Incorrect answers = player shoots from foul line for 1 point

  7. Occasional 'SHOOT!' cue for 3 points

  8. Rotate to new seating arrangement each quarter

  9. Team with most points wins
• You will have 60 seconds to determine your team name
• Allele


  A version of a gene
• Codominance


  When the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype where both alleles are fully and separately expressed
• Autosomes


  Chromosomes 1-44 in humans
• Recessive


  Only expressed in the homozygous state
• Mutation


  A change in a DNA sequence or chromosome
• Karyotype


  A diagram that shows chromosomes
• Gene


  A section of a chromosome that codes for a single protein
• Dominant


  Overshadows the other allele in the heterozygous state
• Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction takes longer
  • Sexual reproduction creates genetically identical offspring
  • Sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity
• Heterozygous


  A genotype resulting from the inheritance of two different alleles from your parents
• Phenotype


  The physical trait expressed
• Chromosome


  Condensed genetic material
• Genotype


  The alleles you inherit - expressed as letters
• Gregor Mendel


  The father of genetics
• XX


  The two sex chromosomes a biological female has
• Carrier


  A person that has the gene for a trait or disease but does not show it
• Incomplete dominance


  When the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype where the two alleles are blended together