Conchem

• Alloy


  A material made by combining a metallic element with something else, such as other metals or non-metals
• Properties of pure metals

  • Good electrical conductivity
  • High strength
  • Hardness
  • Heat and corrosion resistance
• Commercial metal alloys


  Attempt to combine the beneficial properties of pure metals to create metals more useful for particular applications than any of their component elements
• Alloying elements and their purposes

  • Chromium - helps alloys resist corrosion, can increase hardness and strength
  • Nickel - often added to increase toughness, acts as an austenite-promoter in austenitic stainless steels
  • Copper - used to make materials precipitation-hardenable, can increase corrosion-resistance in steel but decrease it in aluminum
  • Manganese - usually alloyed to improve strength, not affected much by heat treatment
  • Tungsten - used to improve wear resistance, toughness, and strength
  • Lead - used to improve machinability
  • Silicon - used as a deoxidizer, increases strength, can reduce melting temperature
  • Carbon - a necessary element to manufacture steel, increases strength and hardness
• Production of Alloys


  1. Melt the base metal (e.g. iron, aluminum, copper)

  2. Add the alloying agents

  3. Allow to solidify and cool to room temperature
• Factors to consider in successful alloy process

  • Melting temperatures of component metals
  • Impurity levels
  • Mixing environment
  • Alloying procedure
• Alloys sometimes get fun names like Alnico, an alloy of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, copper and/or titanium
• Alloys can also get more "everyday" sounding names, like wrought iron
• Cleansing agents


  Substances used to get rid of stains, dust, foul smells, dirt from surfaces
• Surface tension


  The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force
• Cleaning with only water does not work effectively, as the surface tension is too high for cohesive forces to work
• Common cleansing agents


  • Soaps
  • Detergents
• Soap


  Metal salt of a fatty acid
• Fatty acid


  Organic compound most often of animal or plant origin and contains a long-chain aliphatic carbon skeleton (with or without branches) plus a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at its end
• Metals in soaps


  • Alkali metals (such as sodium (Na) or potassium (K))
  • Alkaline earth metals (such as calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg))
•  

  Soaps have surface active agents.They basically reduce the surface tension of the water. The surfactants attach on one end to the water molecules, and this allows the water to better wet the surface. At the other end, surfactants attach themselves to oils and the dirt. Overall they allow the water to better clean the surface
•  

  §  Soaps are water-soluble, fatty acid sodium salts.
• Soaps are the most popular type of cleansing agents
• Soaps are generally made by

  Reacting fats or oils with an alkali solution in water and heat (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) in liquid form
• Reacting fats or oils with an alkali solution in water and heat


  Converts animal or vegetable fat to soap (a fatty acid) and alcohol during the process
• Saponification


  The process of making soap by reacting fats or oils with an alkali solution in water and heat
• Molecular structure of soaps


  Made up of long chains of molecules with a hydrophobic end (the tail) and a hydrophilic chain (the head)
• Hydrophobic end (tail)


  Made of the hydrocarbon chain, repels water and attaches itself to the oils and the grease
• Hydrophilic chain (head)


  Made up of anionic molecules, water-loving
•  Soaps are made of fats and oils, or they are fatty acids, using solid alkali (a base) to handle them. The most widely used process for making soap is the making of fats and oils.
• §  Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic chain attached to it.
• They are surfactants (compounds that reduce the surface tension between a liquid and another substance) and therefore help in the emulsification of oils in water
• §  Soaps are generally prepared via the saponification of fats and oils.
• The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is hydrophilic whereas the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic
• Toilet soaps and bathing soaps are the ones that have a cosmetic use. The terms toilet soap and bathing soap are generally used interchangeably. Although they are both used in personal hygiene, they vary in their composition. Toilet soaps contain a higher quantity of Total Fatty Material (TFM). The higher the TFM, the better the cleaning properties of the soap and deliver a greater moisturizing effect.

   
• Bathing soaps, on the other hand, have lower TFM. This makes them inferior to toilet soaps in terms of cleaning. Bathing bars can be considered as entry-level soaps as their TFM value is fairly low as compared to toilet soaps.
• Laundry soaps are available in liquid, powder, and gel forms. Back in the day, soaps were made from all-natural ingredients, including goat fat and wood ash. But with the increase in demand and scarcity of natural ingredients, the use of synthetic materials became common. Therefore, what you have available today are actually detergents and not soaps.
• Detergents contain surface-active agents, or surfactants, which are present in all laundry soaps. The properties of the surfactants vary from brand to brand. Surfactants are responsible for pulling out the dirt from your laundry. The molecules of these surfactants have two ends; one end is attracted to water (hydrophilic end), and the other part is attracted to dirt (hydrophobic end). The hydrophobic end of a surfactant molecule attaches itself to the dirt, and with a swish of water, the dirt is washed away from the fabric
• beauty bars are cleaning products that are meant to be used on your face. Beauty bars are available for acne and dark spot reduction, fairness enhancement, etc., and they also serve to bring about a moisturizing and hydrating effect to your skin.
• Beauty soaps are available in the form of bars, liquid washes, and gels. They come in different colors, have different compositions, and are mostly scented. One thing that is common among all beauty bars is that they cleanse your skin and remove bacteria.
• Novelty soaps serve as more than just cleaning agents. They are visually appealing and serve as a source of amusement, especially for kids. They come in numerous colors, shapes, and designs, like a duck, bird, car, etc. They can be used as a decoration in bathrooms or as a source of motivation for kids who are not fond of taking baths. They have a pleasant fragrance and are mostly handmade. Due to the variety of colors, shapes, and sizes, they are often given as gifts.

   
•  

  Guest soaps are simply soaps for guests. They are visually more pleasing as compared to the usual soaps and are smaller in size. These are the soaps you find in hotel rooms. A lot of people prefer keeping guests soaps in their bathrooms when they have guests visiting. There is no special purpose behind these soaps, other than giving the guests a nice impression. Guest soaps are usually round-shaped, shell-shaped, or flower-shaped.
• Dish soap, dish detergent, or dishwashing liquid is a special type of soap that is meant to clean dishes. Most dish soaps have strong chemicals, which means that they shouldn’t be used on the skin. What separates dish soaps from regular, skin-friendly soaps is the high quantity of surfactants that dish soaps possess. This is why dishwashing soaps can clean not only the stains on dishes but also cut the oil and grease away.
• Dish soaps produce a lot of foam. Some come as concentrates that need to be diluted in water, while some come in diluted forms. Most dish soaps contain ingredients like lemon and mint that leave behind a refreshing aroma after the dishes have been washed. Moreover, these refreshing agents also help in the efficient removal of oil and dirt from the dishes when washed with warm water.
• Medicated soaps


  Specialty soaps that contain ingredients intended to treat one or more skin problems