Cosmetics

• Cosmetic


  A Greek word which means 'to adorn' (addition of something decorative to a person or a thing). It is derived from the term "Kosmetikos" which means the Skill to decorate.
• Cosmetic


  A substance that comes in contact with various parts of the human body like skin, hair, nail, lips, teeth, mucous membranes, etc. Cosmetic substances help in improving or changing the outward show of the body and also masks the odor of the body. Cosmetics protect the skin and keep it in good condition.
• Forms of cosmetics


  • Lotions
  • Creams/Emulsions
  • Solutions
  • Suspensions
  • Ointments/Pastes
• Properties of cosmetics


  • Non-toxic, non-irritant, and acceptable to regulatory agencies
  • Readily applicable and pleasant in use
  • Physically and chemically inert
  • Economical
  • Long-lasting property
  • Ability to mask the imperfections of the skin
  • Stable and have a good appearance
  • Provide significant cleaning if intended
  • Easily removed from the skin when needed
• Humans have used various substances to alter their appearance or accentuate their features


  At least 10,000 years
• Cosmetic use in ancient times

  • Women in Ancient Egypt used kohl, a substance containing powdered galena (lead sulphide - PbS) to darken their eyelids
  • Cleopatra is said to have bathed in milk to whiten and soften her skin
  • By 3000 B.C men and women in China had begun to stain their fingernails with colors according to their social class
  • Greek women used poisonous lead carbonate (PbCO3) to achieve a pale complexion
  • Clays were ground into pastes for cosmetic use in traditional African societies and indigenous Australians still use a wide range of crushed rocks and minerals to create body paint for ceremonies and initiations
• Cosmetics are considered as essential components in life. They are not only, attract people towards it but also impart psychological effects. It has gained popularity in the last 3-4 decades and its use has been increased exponentially both-in males and females. The most popular cosmetics are hair dyes, powders and creams.
• Cosmetics


  • Products designed to cleanse, protect and change the appearance of external parts of our bodies
  • Key ingredients include water, emulsifiers, preservatives, thickeners, moisturisers, colours and fragrances
  • Ingredients can be naturally occurring or artificial, but any potential impact on our health depends mainly on the chemical compounds they are made of
  • The doses of potentially dangerous chemicals found in cosmetics are considered too small to pose a risk to human health
• Classification of cosmetics


  • Skin Cosmetics
  • Hair Cosmetics
  • Nail Cosmetics
  • Cosmetics for hygiene purpose
• Skin care cosmetics


  • Cleansing
  • Anti-drying
  • Ultraviolet damage prevention
  • Antioxidation and invigoration
  • Clear up skin problems
  • Whitening effect to combat skin aging-associated troubles (liver spots and freckles due to the sun's rays)
  • Prevent wrinkles, sagging skin and acne
  • Maintaining homeostasis in the skin and restore it if it has been lost (keep the skin healthy and beautiful)
• Hair cosmetics


  • Products used for the hygiene of hairs involving hairs that grows from the human scalp, facial, pubic, and other body hairs
  • Hair care routines differ according to an individual's culture and the physical characteristics of one's hair
  • Hairs may be colored, trimmed, shaved, plugged, or otherwise removed with treatments such as waxing, threading, etc.
  • The hair care products include shampoo, hair removers, hair dyes, hair sprays, depilatories, hair wave preparation, depilatories, shaving preparation, etc.
• Hair dyes


  • Utilized by both men and women to modify natural hair color or restore pigmentation once graying has set in
  • Modern hair dyes can be classified into three categories: temporary, semi-temporary and permanent
  • The main difference between them is their capacity to reach the hair cortex, obtained by an alkaline pH
  • In many of these products, ammonia or ethanolamine are addicted to increase the pH
• Permanent waves


  A process that makes curly the hair, using chemicals that break and reform the strong disulfide bonds of the hair shaft
• Relaxers


  The mechanisms of relaxing is the breaking of hair disulfide bonds, re-forming of hair shape and re-making of the linkages. The shape of the hair changes from curly to straight. Multiple procedures or prolonged time of exposure to the relaxer may be needed to straighten tightly curled hair, such as that of African-Americans, producing hair weathering and breakage.
• Hair straightening


  In the past, hair straightener procedure consisted on applying petrolatum based oils on the hair combined with hot irons or hot combs pressed to the hair, but the effect was only temporary
• Shampoos


  • The modern society requires many features in a formulation: a shampoo has primarily to clean the scalp and the hair, but also has to be cosmetically pleasing, not dry out the hair, not irritate the skin, improve hair beautification, and be less expensive
  • A shampoo consists of 10–30 ingredients, classified according to their different activities including cleansing agents, conditioning agents, active ingredients, and additives
• Hair extensions


  • Composed of synthetic or human hair, which can be attached to natural hair with various techniques like strand-by-strand, the weft or the clip-in methods
  • Among local side effects, we can mention traction alopecia, secondary to the pulling force applied to the hair follicle over time, pruritus, tenderness, and local pain. Hair matting, which describes reversible or irreversible tangling of locks of hair that stick together, can occur
• Conditioners


  • Most of the shampoos contain conditioning agents, but consumers often apply a conditioner after shampooing, to minimize hair frizzing, increasing manageability and gloss of the hair
  • A conditioner can be used to reduce a chemical or mechanical trauma of the hair, such as permanent dyes, bleaching, and excessive brushing
  • Conditioners also help the raised cuticles to lie down against the hair surface, and in this way preserve hair color and enhance its shyness and smoothness too
  • Common ingredients of conditioners include mainly cationic surfactants, like cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, behentrimonium, propyltrimonium, and stearamidopropyl dimethylamine
• Side effects of hair dyeing

  • Over processing
  • Allergic reactions
  • Effects on fertility
  • Upkeep
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Asthma
  • Cancer
• Precautions to take while dyeing hair

  • Try to avoid using permanent hair color as much as possible. Instead, opt for semi- and demi-permanent hair colors
  • Always conduct a patch and strand test before you dye your hair
  • Get your hair done professionally
  • Always color your hair in a well-lit and well-ventilated area
• Nail cosmetics


  • Encompass a broad category of beauty products used to promote finger and toenail health, appearance, and durability
  • Polish is perhaps the most easily recognizable nail cosmetics product
  • The category also includes a host of non-aesthetic products, many designed to soften cuticles, enhance nail strength, and help nails grow strong
  • Most nail cosmetics products come in the form or oils or creams that are meant to be applied directly to the nail. Fingernails are generally porous, and can absorb moisture that has been topically applied. Lotions enriched with proteins and growth-promoting vitamins are among the most popular nail cosmetics products
• Reactions to nail cosmetics

  • Onycholysis (separation of nail and skin) to artificial nail and methacrylate glue
  • Hand dermatitis due to artificial nail and methacrylate glue
  • Paronychia (nail inflammation) as reaction to nail enamel
  • Eyelid dermatitis due to nail enamel allergy
  • Facial dermatitis due to nail enamel allergy
  • Chest dermatitis due to nail enamel allergy
• Hygienic cosmetics


  • Deodorants
  • Brush and toothpaste
  • Soaps
  • Make-up
  • Shampoos
  • Colognes and lacquers
• Saponification


  Mixture of an alkali and a lipid
• Soap


  • Can be found in bar, powder, cream or liquid form
• Make-up


  Cosmetic products designed to improve our facial or body appearance
• Make-up products


  • Nail polish, lipstick, brushes, facial creams, eye-liners etc.
• Shampoos


  Specific soaps used to clean our hair
• Colognes and lacquers


  Substances obtained through chemical processes and reactions that allow us to smell better and fix our hair in place
• Types of Cosmetics Based on Forms

  • Solutions
  • Creams/Emulsions
  • Lotions
  • Suspensions
  • Ointments/Pastes
  • Gels
  • Powders
  • Sticks
  • Capsules
  • Aerosols
• Solutions


  Homogeneous mixtures of soluble ingredients such as shampoos, body wash, hand cleansers, mascaras, and eyeliner colognes
• Creams/Emulsions


  Prepared by combining three formula components: oil phase, an aqueous phase and an emulsifier. Examples are hand moisturizers, make up, hair conditioners
• Lotions


  Less greasy and lighter counterparts of creams. Include facial moisturizers, leave-in hair conditioners and moisturizing cleansers
• Suspensions


  Clear solutions containing visible particles, such as gelatin beads or inorganic minerals, spread throughout. Examples are sunscreens, hand washes and shampoos
• Ointments/Pastes


  Super thick products used for things like hairdressing and medicated skin products. Usually anhydrous (contain no water) and are sticky & greasy
• Gels


  Thick, clear products characterized by "shear thinning". They are thick when new but get thin and smooth as you start applying force to use them. Examples include hair products, body washes, shaving products and toothpastes
• Powders


  Amalgamation of solid raw materials which are ground together to get a fine powder such as baby powder, eye powder, foot powder, and talcum powder
• Sticks


  Solid delivery forms that are delivered by rubbing them against the skin. Examples are lipsticks and underarm deodorants
• Capsules


  Composed of solid ingredients that are blended well with one another and pressed to get the desired shape. Examples include compact powder, eye shadow, cheek shadow cakes
• Aerosols


  Packaging product form rather than a specific formulation type. Aerosols are any cosmetic delivered from a pressurized can, composed of a concentrate and a propellant