PCOG

• TANNINS


  Wide variety of chemical compounds.

  
  

  chemically they're complex substances usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are difficult to separate because they do not crystallized.
• With gelatin solution & Alkaloids


  How can tannins caused precipitation?
• Dark Blue or Greenish


  it forms the ff. colors with ferric salts
• precipitate


  it yields ____with salts of copper, lead and tin by strong aqueous K dichromate solution
• DEEP RED COLOR


  it yields ______ color with K ferricyanide and ammonia
• Betel Nut and Tea Leaves

  Carcinogenic Potential
• 2 CHEMICAL Classes of Tannins

  HYDROLYSABLE AND NON HYDROLYSABLE (CONDENSED) TANNINS
• HYDROLYSABLE


  with the presence of pyrogallol when heated
• Hydrolysable tannins


  consist of gallic acid and hexahydroxydiphenic acid or related polyhydric compounds
• Gallitannins and Ellagitannins


  PRINCIPAL TYPES OF HYDROLYSABLE TANNINS
• GALIC ACID AND HEXAHYDROXY DIPHENIC ACID

  present in the GALLITANNINS and ellagitannins
• DARK BLUE COLOR


  yields ______ color with ferric chloride
• HYDROLYSABLE


  yield no ppt with bromine TS
• Nonhydrolyzable tannins


  most result from the condensation of 2 or more polyhydric compounds esterified w/ glucose
• Nonhydrolysable or Condensed tannins


  contain only phenolic nuclei linked to carbohydrates and proteins
• NON HYDROLYSABLE OR CONDENSED TANNINS

  yield CATHECHOL when heated
• Non-hydrolyzable tannins


  yields brownish green color with ferric chloride
• NONHYDROLYSABLE


  ppt with bromine ts
• Non-hydrolyzable tannins


  leucoanthocyanin, oligomeric, proanthocyanidin, or pcynogenols
• HAMMAMELIS LEAF


  witch hazel leaves
• hammamelis leaf


  with ferric chloride, a blue color which changes to olive green as more ferric chloride is added
• steam distillation


  hammamelis water is prepared by ______
• distilled witch hazel extract

  hydroalcoholic solution of volatile oil
• Tests for tannins


  GELATIN TEST & PHENAZONE TEST
• GELATIN TEST


  tests for presence of gelatinase

  
  

  1% NaCl ppt.

  
  

  ppt 1% soln of gelatin

  
  

  solutions of tannins (0.5-1%)

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• Phenazone test


  Tannin + Na2HPO4 filter + Phenazone

  
  

  WITH 0.5G OF SODIUM ACID PHOSPHATE AND 2% SODIUM PHENAZONE WILL PPT ALL TANNINS BEING BULKY AND OFTEN COLORED
• Nutgall


  excrescences obtained from young twings of QUERCUS INFECTORIA (GALL OAK)

  
  

  
  

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• TANNIC ACID (50-70%)


  AC OF NUTGALL
• nutgall


  Quercus infectoria

  
  

  caused by the puncture of hymenopterous insect—cynips tinctoria
• TANNIC ACID, GALLOTANIC ACID OR TANNIN (HYDROLYSABLE TANNIN)


  obtained from nutgall

  
  

  with AC of Gallic Acid
• GALLIC ACID


  AC OF TANNIC ACID/GALLOTANIC ACID OR TANNIN
• powdered galls


  EXTRACTED WITH A MIXTURE OF ETHER, ALCOHOL AND WATER
• TANNIC ACID


  amorphous powders that are light brown to yellowish white

  odor is faint

  taste if strongly astringent

  soluble in WATER, ALCOHOL AND ACETONE

  
  

  INSOLUBLE IN ETHER, CHLOROFORM AND BENZIN
• Lipids


  Esters of long-chain fatty acid and alcohol or of closely related derivatives. The chief difference between these substance is the type of alcohol; in fixed oils and fats, glycerol combines with fatty acids; in waxes, the alcohol has a higher molecular weight.
• Classification of lipids


  • Simple lipids (esters of fatty acid with various alcohol)
  • Waxes (esters of fatty acid with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols)
  • Fixed oils and fats (esters of fatty acid and glycerols. Oils are fats in liquid state)
  • Complex lipids (esters of fatty acid containing groups in addition to an alcohol and fatty acid)
  • Phospholipids (esters consisting of glycerol in combination with fatty acids, phosporic acid and nitrogenous compounds)
  • Glycolipids (contains fatty acids, sphingosine and carbohydrate)
  • Precursor and derived lipids (includes fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, fatty aldehyde, other alcohols, ketone bodies, hydrocarbon, lipid soluble vitamins and hormones)
• Fatty acid


  • Contains an acid (COOH) group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
  • Saturated (no double bonds)
  • Unsaturated (at least 1 double bond)
  • Polyunsaturated (many double bonds)
• Most animal fats are saturated while most plant fats are unsaturated
• Fatty acids


  Usually obtained by hydrolysis of fats and oils. Materials are usually mixtures and the composition can vary with the source.
• Sodium morrhuate


  Sodium salts of fatty acids of cod liver oil. Available as a sterile solution. Used as a sclerosing agent to obliterate varicose veins.
• Stearic acid


  Not less than 40% of stearic acid and not less than 40% palmitic acid; the sum of these 2 acids is not less than 90%. Purified stearic acid contains not less than 90% stearic acid, and the total content of stearic and palmitic acids is not less than 96%. Used as an emulsion adjunct and tablet lubricant.