chapter 12 sports psych

• achievement motivation

  tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations
• achievement motivation general equation

  Drive to succeed - Fear of Failure
• NACH (need to achieve)


  approach behaviour, the player welcomes competition
• characteristics of a NACH

  1. seek out challenges and competition
  2. take risks
  3. task persistence and mastery orientation
  4. not afraid to fail
  5. value feedback from others/coaches
  6. attribute performance to internal factors (ability and efforts)
• NAF (need to avoid failure)

  avoidance behaviour, player avoids risks
• characteristics of a NAF

  1. give up easily
  2. do not like feedback or evaluation
  3. take the easy option
  4. lack confidence
  5. avoid 50/50 challenges
• achievement motivation implies a balance between the personality of the performer and the situation, the NACH and NAF can be situation-specific
• interaction in achievement motivation


  the combination of the situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation
• personality in achievement motivation


  some people's personality may be naturally more NACH or NAF so it is innate, or it is learnt, and those with the approach behaviour will try hard in most situations
• situation in achievement motivation

  performer has to estimate the probability of success in the task and the satisfaction gained after, if the success is given but it is not satisfactory, so a NAF may approach this
• coaches developing need to achieve mentalities


  coaches would want their athletes to have a NACH mindset who will keep on trying and show confidence
• strategies for coaches to develop approach behaviour

  1. reinforcement, offer rewards so players want to do well to get a prize
  2. attribute success internally, result was achieved due to their effort
  3. allow success, increase confidence by making drills easier
  4. goal setting, set achievable goals that can be met easily
• achievement goal theory


  the motivation and task persistence dependent on the type of goals set, and is based on how goals measure success, for example learning how to master a skill and improve. It has high intrinsic motivation and ego and performance goals are compared to others, and discouragement is likely
• confidence


  a belief in the ability to master a task
• confidence in sport


  can vary with intensity of the situation, and is another concept that depends on interaction
• trait confidence


  consistent level of confidence shown in most situations when the player believes in their ability to do well in a range of sports
• state confidence


  referring to a specific situation, and is temporary depending on the interaction of the influence of experience and personality, belief in the ability to master a specific sporting movement
• competitive orientation


  degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations
• objective sporting situation


  the performance takes into account the situation in which the task is being undertaken
• Robin Vealy model of sports confidence


  suggested that confidence gained in one area of sport could be used to improve confidence in another sporting activity
• if a skill had been used successfully in the past, then both trait and state confidence would be high, the objective situation can also look at the conditions the skill was performed in
• the result or outcome of the performance of the skill in that situation is then evaluated by the player, and they make a call as to how well they did, taking into account the objective situation, and the result of that judgement leads to improved confidence which leads to develop a competitive orientation
• competitive orientation


  degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situation
• the judgement of the athlete is called the subjective outcome and if this is good, then trait confidence and competitive orientation increase, if subjective outcome is bad, then both trait confidence and competitive orientation decrease
• self-efficacy


  belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation
• bandura in 1977 looked at the concept of self confidence in any one situation and suggested that confidence could vary with the situation and from moment to moment
• self esteem is a result of increased confidence, when the performer expirienced a sense of satisfaction and inner pride from success, the willingness to compete and persist with the activity is increased
• how does performance accomplishments affect self efficacy


  self efficacy if influenced by what you have done in the past or past experiences, performance accomplishments can be enhanced if the player not only achieved the win but also enjoyed it as well
• how does vicarious experience affect self-efficacy


  seeing others do the task and being successful is helpful if the model is at a similar ability to them, and may give them a sense of confidence to do it themselves
• how does verbal persuasion affect self-efficacy


  reinforcement and encouragement gives a player confidence to repeat the successful attempt and it can be even more significant if it comes from a significant other
• how does emotional arousal affect self efficacy


  sporting situations can increase anxiety and arousal, and emotional arousal is important as it is how the performer perceives that increased arousal, the better judgement and attitude leads to successful teams and players
• improving confidence

  1. control arousal with stress management techniques
  2. give and accurate demo using a model of a similar ability
  3. point out past successful performances
  4. give support and encouragement
  5. allow success during training
  6. set attainable goals
  7. attribute success to the athletes' effort and ability
  8. using technique of mental practice
• players and coaches can use bandura's model of self efficacy to develop strategies to improve performance
• self efficacy increases positive attitudes, increases motivation, reduces fear of failure, reduces anxiety and helps reach optimal arousal

  
• vealy model

  athlete approaches sporting situation with a degree of trait confidence and a level of competitiveness related to the goal, these 2 influences produce a level of state confidence to the situation, evaluation of result and internal evaluation will influence future competitiveness and the amount of trait confidence

  
• bandura model of self efficacy 1977

  
• home field advantage


  balance between confidence and anxiety, the influence of the home crowd can increase confidence and cause anxiety for the away team, and makes winning more likely as they are familiar to the environment and they feel more at ease and more confident
• functional assertive behaviour


  home audience can causer the team to have more drive, more assertion and the correct choice of response, for example in the 2012 London Olympics team GB won their highest record number of medals
• how does the home crowd negatively impact on the away team


  can cause increased anxiety with hostile chanting, the team could commit more fouls due to anxiety and could suffer from the effects of social inhibition
• how does the home crowd negatively impact on their own home team


  home crowd can cause team to choke in big games and suffer pressure if there were a dramatic reduction in performance, the bigger and more supportive the crowd, the better the effect is for the home team