tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations
achievement motivation general equation
Drive to succeed - Fear of Failure
NACH (need to achieve)
approach behaviour, the player welcomes competition
characteristics of a NACH
seek out challenges and competition
take risks
task persistence and mastery orientation
not afraid to fail
value feedback from others/coaches
attribute performance to internal factors (ability and efforts)
NAF (need to avoid failure)
avoidance behaviour, player avoids risks
characteristics of a NAF
give up easily
do not like feedback or evaluation
take the easy option
lack confidence
avoid 50/50 challenges
achievement motivation implies a balance between the personality of the performer and the situation, the NACH and NAF can be situation-specific
interaction in achievement motivation
the combination of the situational and personality factors that decide the level of achievement motivation
personality in achievement motivation
some people's personality may be naturally more NACH or NAF so it is innate, or it is learnt, and those with the approach behaviour will try hard in most situations
situation in achievement motivation
performer has to estimate the probability of success in the task and the satisfaction gained after, if the success is given but it is not satisfactory, so a NAF may approach this
coaches developing need to achieve mentalities
coaches would want their athletes to have a NACHmindset who will keep on trying and show confidence
strategies for coaches to develop approach behaviour
reinforcement, offer rewards so players want to do well to get a prize
attribute success internally, result was achieved due to their effort
allow success, increase confidence by making drills easier
goal setting, set achievable goals that can be met easily
achievement goal theory
the motivation and task persistence dependent on the type of goals set, and is based on how goals measure success, for example learning how to master a skill and improve. It has high intrinsic motivation and ego and performance goals are compared to others, and discouragement is likely
confidence
a belief in the ability to master a task
confidence in sport
can vary with intensity of the situation, and is another concept that depends on interaction
trait confidence
consistent level of confidence shown in most situations when the player believes in their ability to do well in a range of sports
state confidence
referring to a specific situation, and is temporary depending on the interaction of the influence of experience and personality, belief in the ability to master a specific sporting movement
competitive orientation
degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations
objective sporting situation
the performance takes into account the situation in which the task is being undertaken
Robin Vealy model of sports confidence
suggested that confidence gained in one area of sport could be used to improve confidence in another sporting activity
if a skill had been used successfully in the past, then both trait and state confidence would be high, the objective situation can also look at the conditions the skill was performed in
the result or outcome of the performance of the skill in that situation is then evaluated by the player, and they make a call as to how well they did, taking into account the objective situation, and the result of that judgement leads to improved confidence which leads to develop a competitive orientation
competitive orientation
degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situation
the judgement of the athlete is called the subjective outcome and if this is good, then trait confidence and competitive orientation increase, if subjective outcome is bad, then both trait confidence and competitive orientation decrease
self-efficacy
belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation
bandura in 1977 looked at the concept of self confidence in any one situation and suggested that confidence could vary with the situation and from moment to moment
self esteem is a result of increased confidence, when the performer expirienced a sense of satisfaction and inner pride from success, the willingness to compete and persist with the activity is increased
how does performance accomplishments affect self efficacy
self efficacy if influenced by what you have done in the past or pastexperiences, performance accomplishments can be enhanced if the player not only achieved the win but also enjoyed it as well
how does vicarious experience affect self-efficacy
seeing others do the task and being successful is helpful if the model is at a similar ability to them, and may give them a sense of confidence to do it themselves
how does verbal persuasion affect self-efficacy
reinforcement and encouragement gives a player confidence to repeat the successful attempt and it can be even more significant if it comes from a significant other
how does emotional arousal affect self efficacy
sporting situations can increase anxiety and arousal, and emotional arousal is important as it is how the performer perceives that increased arousal, the better judgement and attitude leads to successful teams and players
improving confidence
control arousal with stress management techniques
give and accurate demo using a model of a similar ability
point out past successful performances
give support and encouragement
allow success during training
set attainable goals
attribute success to the athletes' effort and ability
using technique of mental practice
players and coaches can use bandura's model of self efficacy to develop strategies to improve performance
self efficacy increases positive attitudes, increases motivation, reduces fear of failure, reduces anxiety and helps reach optimal arousal
vealy model
athlete approaches sporting situation with a degree of trait confidence and a level of competitiveness related to the goal, these 2 influences produce a level of state confidence to the situation, evaluation of result and internal evaluation will influence future competitiveness and the amount of trait confidence
bandura model of self efficacy 1977
home field advantage
balance between confidence and anxiety, the influence of the home crowd can increase confidence and cause anxiety for the away team, and makes winning more likely as they are familiar to the environment and they feel more at ease and more confident
functional assertive behaviour
home audience can causer the team to have more drive, more assertion and the correct choice of response, for example in the 2012 London Olympics team GB won their highest record number of medals
how does the home crowd negatively impact on the away team
can cause increased anxiety with hostile chanting, the team could commit more fouls due to anxiety and could suffer from the effects of social inhibition
how does the home crowd negatively impact on their own home team
home crowd can cause team to choke in big games and suffer pressure if there were a dramatic reduction in performance, the bigger and more supportive the crowd, the better the effect is for the home team