Psychology

• Psychology


  The study of people: how they think, how they act, react and interact. It is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivation underlying such behaviour.
• Health psychology


  The aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy formation
• NHS, 2015: 'Psychology is a discipline that is firstly concerned with the normal functioning of the mind and has explored areas such as learning, remembering and the normal psychological development of children'
• How does Psychology relate to Nursing?
• Psychology Perspectives


  • Psychoanalysis (Freud and Jung)
  • Humanism (Carl Rogers)
  • Cognitive Theories / Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) (Beck and Ellis)
  • Reinforcement Theory (Skinner)
  • Classical and Operant Conditioning / Behaviourism (Pavlov and Watson)
  • Neurolinguistic Programming (Bandler and Grinder)
  • Neuroscience/Biological Perspective (Darwin)
  • Popular Psychology Perspectives
• Nursing and Psychology
• ID


  Operates on the pleasure principle - 'I want it and I want it now'!
• EGO


  Operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id's demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction
• SUPER EGO


  Its function is to control the ID's impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression
• Carl Rogers


  • Developed a person-centered approach (the client is the expert) to counseling which is central to much counselling today
  • Nondirective, unstructured approach
  • Based on therapists' congruence (genuineness), empathy, non-judgmental approach and unconditional regard
  • Through reflection and accurate feedback, the individual is enabled to discover how their self worth may be believed to be dependent on others
  • Although this approach was designed for psychotherapy Rogers and colleagues felt that much of his workings could be applied to other settings which are person centered e.g., education
• Humanistic Theory


  • Rogers emphasized the importance of fulfilling personal potential
  • Maslow believed that people were driven to fulfill their potential and have certain needs that need to be fulfilled
  • As we take care of one set of needs, a new set becomes salient
  • Problems or difficult circumstances at one point in a person's life can cause them to fixate on a particular set of needs, and this can affect their future happiness
  • This, for Maslow, was the root cause of many 'neurotic' mental health problems, like anxiety or depression
• Johari Window


  Represents information - feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc. within or about a person - from four perspectives: open self, blind self, hidden self, unknown self
• Using the Johari window take a moment to consider your open self within the context of this group. What do they know about you? It is what you have mostly chosen for them to know? Consider your hidden self....it is this area that can cause anxiety? Disclosure of feelings can offer support, aid self realisation and enable self growth. How does self awareness help us as individual's and as Nurses?
• Psychological Therapy


  A process which allows a person to come to a fuller understanding of herself/himself, and of any difficulties, behaviors, motivations and abilities. Used to treat mental health problems and increasingly long-term physical health conditions. Requires a trusting relationship with a trained therapist. Usually, a talking therapy but can be undertaken through music, drama or art. Often a one-to-one basis, but can be done as group or family work
• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)


  • Focuses on here and now problems
  • Looks for ways to improve the state of mind now rather than examining the cause
  • Cognitions are seen to be learned and maintained through reinforcement; direct challenges may be made to these assumptions
  • Attempts to make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts: Situation, Thoughts, Physical Feelings and Emotions
• NICE Guidelines – Psychological Interventions
• What are the NICE guidelines available surrounding Psychological Interventions?
• Which Psychology perspective are Beck and Ellis associated with?
• How would you describe Psychology?
• How many elements does the Johari Window have?
• Can you draw a square and label the four sections?
• Major perspectives in Psychology

  • Psychodynamic
  • Behavioural
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive