Migration

• ImmigrationThe movement into an area or society.

  EmigrationThe total movement out of an area or society.

  Net MigrationThe difference between the number immigrating compared to the number emigrating (may be positive or negative value).
• Historical Events In Migration

  Migration 1900 – 1950s

  Predominantly white immigrants from Ireland, Eastern Europe (Jewish refugees) and Canada//USA

  Migration 1950s

  Black immigrants from the Caribbean started to arrive (from British colonies) – invited to fill labour shortages after the war. Migration 1960s and  1970s

  Immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and Kenya and Uganda
• Historical Trends In Emmigration

  •For most of the 20th Century, until the 1980s, there have been more people emigrating than immigrating.  Since 1900, emigrants have gone to the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.••Emigration from the UK has mainly been due to economic push and pull factors.
• Push +Pull Factors

  gv
• Push:

  -To flee a natural disaster-To escape war-To escape persecution (e.g. because of religion or sexuality)-High unemployment and/or low wages-Food shortages-

  Pull:

  -To fill labour shortages (invited by government)-For better services and amenities (university/hospitals)-For a better standard of living-For a nicer environment/climate-To find a job/career-To be with relatives or a loved one
• Why Has Immigration Increased?

  •An increase in those seeking asylum – especially Somalian refugees in the 1980s and 1990s.•A relaxation of the law regarding spouses – allowing immigrants’ husbands or wives to join them.The EU – since 1992, free movement of people has been a condition of EU membership.
• Impact Of Migration On Pop

  1.Size (population) – it affects the overall size of the population2.Age – it lowers the average age.3.Dependency ratio – it has complex effects on the dependency ratio.
• Impacts Of Migration

  Population

  •Migration has increased the UK population size for 2 reasons:•High net migration (approx. 250, 000 more immigrants than emigrants in 2016)•High birth rate among non-UK born mothers.•Without migration the population would be shrinking!
• Impacts Of Migration

  Age

  •Immigration lowers the average age for 2 reasons:•Directly – immigrants are younger than the average population (average age of UK passport holders in Britain is 41, whilst the average age of non-passport holders in Britain is 31).•Indirectly – being younger, immigrants are more fertile and have more children.
• Impacts Of Migration

  Dependency ratio

  •Migrants are more likely to be of working age (pay more taxes, use less services), and so help reduce the burden of dependency.•However, Immigrants have more children on average, increasing the dependency ratio (but lowering it again when they grow up!)•The longer a group is settled in a country, the closer their fertility rate comes to national average, lowering impact on the dependency ratio.