Globalisation And Migration

• What Has Increased Globalisation

  •Global communication technology (phone, internet, email etc.), global media, global travel, global political organisations such as the EU have led to globalisation and changes in immigration. Migration is speeding  up – the United Nations estimated migration increased 33%
• What is super-diversity (Vertovec)?

  Increase in migrants from a wide range of countries. Sub-groups can also form within ethnic groups.

  How does the way different types of migrant are treated vary (Cohen)?

  Citizens = have full citizenship rights

  Denizens = privileged foreign national

  Herlots = exploited for labour (trafficked/slaves)

  The feminisation of migration – reasons

  -Expansion of service occupations recruiting women-Increase in female labour – less willing to carry out domestic tasks-Men unwilling to carry out domestic tasks-Inadequate childcare
• Migrant Identities

  •We all have multiple sources of identity – family, friends, neighbourhood, ethnicity, religion, nationality etc.•Migrants may develop hybrid identities made up of different sources e.g. ‘Muslim, Bengali, British’. Those with hybrid identities may find other challenge their identity claims
• Migrant Identities

  •Transnational identities – globalisation has led to more diverse migration patterns where people are more likely to move back and forth rather than permanently settle in one country (Eriksen).••As a result, migrants are less likely to see themselves belonging to any one culture or country.
• Politicisation Of Migrant

  assimilationism’?

  •The view (and first policy approach to immigration) that immigrants should become ‘like’ the nation they have moved to in terms of language, customs, values etc.•Controversial as not all immigrants may be willing to completely abandon their original culture. 
• Multiculturism

  •This approach accepts the fact that migrants may wish to maintain a separate cultural identity (but usually they also encouraged to integrate in the main society too).•This was popular from the 1960s and especially in the 1990s, but post 9/11, many politicians have argued against multiculturalism.••Within multiculturalism, Eriksen argues most multiculturalism is actually ‘shallow’.••Shallow diversity – accepting surface level culture e.g. chicken tikka masala, samosas, carnivals etc.•Deep diversity – accepting different cultural beliefs such as arranged marriage.

   
• Politicisation Of Migrant Eval (A03)

  •Castles argues assimilationist policies label minority cultures as ‘backwards’ or ‘other’ ie strange or abnormal, so may alienate these cultures, leading to communities becoming more separate and suspicious of each other rather than more integrated.•Marxists would also argue such ideas benefit capitalism, because they encourage the w/c to blame migrants for social problems such as unemployment, rather than uniting against r/c exploitation.
• Feminisation of migration

  • Contributed to more equal domestic division of labour
  • Women in the UK can spend more time on work and leisure and less time on housework, as they hire cleaners and nannies (often migrants) to do domestic work
• Immigration from the Caribbean

  • Contributed to the rise in female headed single parent families
  • Over 50% of British Caribbean households are headed by the mother alone
• British Asian families

  • Tend to have larger than average households
  • Owing to the importance of extended family is Asian cultures
  • Higher proportion of British Asians are of childbearing age (so live with dependent children, as opposed to older couples whose children no longer live with them)