visual art

• Visual arts


  Art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture
• Visual arts


  Art experienced primarily through the sense of sight
• Three classical branches of visual art

  • Painting
  • Sculpture
  • Architecture
• Painting


  The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments
• Oil painting


  • Pigments are mixed in oil
  • Most familiar type of painting is done with oil on canvas
  • Surface must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes and not crack the pigment on it
  • Oil color is the best method for convincing representation where exact reproduction of a color tone is necessary
  • Pigments can come from many sources: minerals, vegetable matter, coal tars, and other chemical combinations
• Tempera painting


  • Mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, or glue
  • Special characteristic is emulsion - watery, milk-like texture of oily and watery consistency
  • Advantages are rapid drying, great luminosity of the stone, and clear and beautiful colors
• Watercolor painting


  • Pigments are mixed with water and applied to fine white paper
  • Require a high degree of technical dexterity
  • Paper is the most commonly used for ground
  • Opaque watercolor is also called "gouache"
• Pastel


  • Possesses only the surface of light, gives no glazed effect, and most closely resembles dry pigments
  • Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface, usually paper
  • As support for pastel, a pastel paper, pasteboard or canvas is used
• Fresco painting


  • Fresco means fresh. Fresco painting is a wet plaster made of sand and quick lime
  • Colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster which absorbs the color
  • Since the pigment has been incorporated with the plaster, it lasts until the wall is destroyed
• Acrylic painting


  • Synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion as binder
  • Combined with transparency and quick-dry qualities of watercolor and as flexible as oil
  • It is completely insoluble when dry and can be used almost on any surface
• Sculpture


  The branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions
• Stone and bronze sculpture

  • The media most commonly used for sculpture are stone and metal
  • Stone is durable, resistant to elements, fire and other hazards, but heavy and breaks easily
  • Marble is the most beautiful of stones, high gloss and polished, more or less permanent
• Wood sculpture


  • Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object
• Ivory sculpture


  • Ivory statues survive through long periods of time due to the intrinsic value of the material
  • Ivory lends itself to technical mastery, popular to ordinary craftspeople
  • Many statues of saints have heads and arms made of Ivory
  • Ivory lacks the vigor of wooden statues and also cracks, seldom used today
• Terra cotta sculpture


  • "Terra Cotta" means "Cooked Earth". It is made when Moist Clay is molded and then subjected to heat
  • Moderately Coarse Clay product fired at a comparatively low temperature, usually painted and coated in heavy glaze
  • Breaks and Chips Easily, not strong, cannot stand great strain or weight
• Architecture


  The branch of the visual arts that is designing and constructing buildings
• Photography


  The art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film
• Camera shots and angles

  • Extreme close-up - goes beyond the standard close-up by focusing on a single feature of the subject
  • Close-up - Aims at creating a stronger connection to the subject
• The visual arts are extremely diverse, from the artwork that hangs on your wall
• Though beauty is in the eye of the beholder, different eras in art history have had their own principles to define beauty
• Substances available for sculpture are limitless
• Availability of materials is important in architecture, and durability and beauty is the basis of choosing the materials
• Photography is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Rational agents will select the choice which presents the highest benefits
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility