2 historical overview

• Individuals that altered the field of clinical psychology and began viewing mental illness as treatable


  Pinel, Tuke, Todd, Dix
• The development of clinical psychology slowly expanded in the fields of diagnosis, assessment, intervention, research and professional matters.
• The beginnings 1850 to 1899


  James Keen Cattell
• student of William Wundt believed that studying reaction time differences would help to understand intelligence—mental tests.


  James Keen Cattell
• Witmer founded the current model of treatment by forming the first psychological clinic & a journal called The Psychological Clinic. Initial emphasis focused on the youth population of children and adolescents who were unable to functionally adapt to society.
• The advancement of modern era 1900 to 1919 


  Binet Simon, Carl Jung
• developed the Binet-Simon Scale—measures intelligence.


  Binet and Simon
• developed testing methods around word-associations and 1910 brought the arrival of the Kent-Rosan off Free Association Test.


  Carl Jung
• brought the screening of individuals entering the military, marking the movement away from children and youth towards adults.


  WWI
• that attempted to bring people to reveal their real-life experiences by looking at ambiguous stimuli. He published this in his book Psychodiagnostik.


  Rorschach—inkblot Tests
• First adult intelligence test


  Wechsler Bellevue test
• By the late 1920’s psychologists had individual and group testing tools at their disposal. The field of intelligence was being expanded with work by Spearman, Thorndike, Thurstone, Wechsler-Bellevue test—first adult intelligence test; created in 1939 and since then modified & adapted.


  Between the wars 1920 to 1939
• Designed to allow a person to respond to ambiguous stimuli, and reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.


  Projective tests
• Requires an individual to make up stories reflecting activities, thoughts and feelings of the people in the picture.


  Thematic apperception test TAT
• Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory. More complex tests began to develop.


  Between the wars
• (MMPI)-self-report; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Alternative to Stanford-Binet scale. Clinical psychologists were viewed as experts of psychodiagnosis


  World war 2 and beyond 1940 to present
• use of interpretation of test scores as a basis of diagnosis and treatment.


  Psychodiagnosis
• (empirically tested rules)


  objective nomothetic approach
• (focused more on the individual and interpretations)

  projective idiographic approach
• Only overt behavior can be measured and psychological trait measurement is not useful. It brought the era of behavioral assessment—behaviors were understood in the context of the stimuli or situation in which they occurred.


  Radical behaviorism
• First appeared in

  1952
• focused mostly on adult psychopathology and post-war symptoms.


  First dsm 1952
• Standard list of questions that are used as criteria to assess different disorders. est, and unique because no interpretation of scores was needed.


  Structured diagnostic interviews
• founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 and created the first professional journal devoted to clinical psychology in 1907.


  Lightner Witmer
• defines hundreds of disorders according to specific diagnostic criteria.

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
• Early efforts to diagnose mental problems were quite rudimentary, but the work of _ _ and others eventually led to more sophisticated diagnostic classification systems, culminating in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual


  Emil Kraepelin
• Currently, the cognitive approach is the most popular single-school therapy approach, and the number of distinct approaches in many ways, including a diversification of its members and its graduate training options.
• Although psychotherapy is currently the dominant professional activity of clinical psychologists, it was relatively uncommon until the 1940s and 1950s. At that time, the psychodynamic approach to therapy prevailed, but behaviorism and humanism rose to popularity in the decades that followed.