Animal/Plant defense

•  Integumentary System

  ➢ the first barrier against invasion of microbes
• Nonspecific Immunity (innate)

  ➢ chemicals and proteins that help in the

  destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Specific Immune System

  This can identify and remove pathogenic microorganisms that have evaded the innate immune system. One kind of immune cell can aggressively attack and kill any cell identified as foreign.
• Inborn Immunity

  This type of immunity is a genetic predisposition. We receive this type of immunity from our parents and ancestors.
• Acquired Immunity

  Antibodies could be obtained when we are exposed to antigens. This happens either naturally or artificially. This immunity progresses the moment a person is born.
• . Naturally acquired immunity.

  -occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of primary immune response

  -This happens in active or passive

  form.
• i. Active.

  -is obtained once a person comes in direct contact with a disease which provides a permanent immunity
•  Passive.

  -is obtained during fetal development through the mother's placenta and by breastfeeding upon rearing the newborn. This may last for a short period of time.
• Artificially acquired immunity.

  -can also be in an active or passive form.

  -it can be introduced through a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigens
• ANTIBODIES Our body fights infection with the B- lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages found in our blood.
• Antibodies or Immunoglobulins

  ➢ proteins produced from the circulating lymphocytes
• IgD signifies antigen-antibody type differentiation. These are attached to the surface of B-cells.
• B-cells are produced by the bone marrow and are part of the body's

  adaptive immune system that generates antibodies to specific

  antigens.
• IgE, plays a bug role in allergic reactions, particularly in stimulating

  the release of histamine
• IgM, which is the broadest, is also found circulating in the body. They

  are the first to encounter the pathogens that reach the

  bloodstream.
• IgA mostly exists in bodily secretions such as saliva, tears, colostrum, and breast milk of a lactating mother, as well as in the mucosal linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts. 
• IgG is mainly present in circulation which comes in contact directly with pathogens.
• IgG

   the major form of antibody found in the blood plasma
• IgG

  it is the only antibody that can cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus because of its small molecular size.
• Vaccination

  • is the process of introducing an attenuated or weakened antigen in a susceptible hos
• ➢The first line of defense for plants is the presence of a dermal covering made up of epidermal tissues.
• secrete a waxy substance in the form of cutin or cuticle, both of which are composed of hydrophobic lipids
• Fungal hyphae can penetrate the cell walls but not the cell membranes.
• The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules help make the soil more fertile by turning nitrogen into nitrates which the plants can use.
•  Rhizobacterium, on the other hand, which lives around the roots of plants, benefit from root saps or exudates. In turn, these bacteria provide substances such as hormones needed for plant growth.
• Other bacterial species such as Azospirillium also provide plant growth

  hormones like gibberellic acid.
• Cyanide can stop cellular respiration by blocking the electron transport

  chain.
• Cassava. This part is filled with cyanogenic glycosides that

  break down into manihotoxin, a bitter and toxic material.
• The hemlock plant, Conium maculatum, is a highly poisonous plant that could kill a person from 20

  minutes to three hours after ingestion of its extract.
• Ricin, an alkaloid found in castor beans, Ricinus communis, is six times more lethal than cyanide and is twice as lethal as the venom of cobra.
• Alkaloids found in plants such as caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, and morphine can affect cellular processes. Plants can overstimulate the

  consumer which could be lethal to them.
• Allelopathy

  ➢ Some plants produce chemical toxins that are

  released to the ground which may prevent seed germination or inhibit the growth of other competing plants.

  ➢ minimizes shading and overcrowding among plants.
• The hemlock plant, Conium maculatum,
• castor beans, Ricinus communis