GenBIO

• Coronary circulation is a subsystem that supplies blood to

  the heart itself.
• As an organ, the heart needs to be supplied with blood, too.

  There are two coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta

  and transport blood to the arterioles that penetrate the tissues

  of the heart. From here, blood returns to the right atrium through

  the coronary sinus, a large vessel. If a vessel from the heart is

  blocked, it prevents blood to flow to the heart muscle and could

  lead to heart attack, or myocardial infarction
• Renal circulation is another subsystem that moves blood

  through the kidneys and back to the heart. There are two renal

  arteries that branch out to the kidneys and supply them with

  blood. In turn, the kidneys filter the blood of nitrogenous waste

  materials
• VASCULAR PLANTS

  -with xylem and phloem
• NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

  -without xylem and phloem
• NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

  -cannot grow high above the ground

  since they don’t have xylem and

  phloem tissues that can help

  transport substances
• XYLEM- vascular tissues that help in

  transport of water and minerals to

  all parts of the body
• PHLOEM- are tissues that help

  transport the products of

  photosynthesis to all parts of the

  plants
• Apoplast Pathway

  includes movement through the cell

  walls and the spaces between cells.
• Symplast Pathway,

  -water and minerals pass through a

  continuum of cytoplasm between

  cells, which is called plasmodesma

  (plural, plasmodesmata)
• Transmembrane Transport

  -involves transport between cells across the membranes of

  vacuoles within the cells
• -Once the water reaches the endodermis of the root, the

  passage through the cell walls is blocked by the waterproof

  Casparian strip. From here, water is expected to detour

  through the plasma membrane and protoplasts of the

  endodermis to reach the xylem tissues.
• tudies have shown that the

  greatest distances traveled by

  water and minerals in plants are

  carried out through the xylem.
• Transpiration is release of water

  vapor through openings in the

  leaves, which causes pressure

  that pulls the water up.
• Water potential

  -is the main factor that regulates the transport

  process in plants
• PHLOEM TRANSPORT

  -Food produced by plants during

  photosynthesis is distributed by the

  phloem tissues throughout the

  different parts of the plant through

  the process called translocation.
• Turgor pressure, which results from

  the influx of water into the cell

  causing the plasma membrane to

  push against the cell wall, drives

  phloem transport.
• PHLOEM TRANSPORT

  This could be demonstrated by

  the pressure-flow theory which states

  that dissolved carbohydrates will flow

  from a source (where it is produced) to a

  sink (a storage organ) where they are

  either stored or utilized.
• Bulk flow takes place in the sieve tubes

  without any need for additional energy.