Hormones

• Hormone

  is a regulatory chemical secreted by glands into the extracellular fluid and carried by the blood to specific parts of the body
• Glands

  organs that are specialized to secrete hormones
• Endocrine Glands

   ductless glands, release their secretions or products directly into the blood stream.
• Exocrine glands

  release their secretions or products through the ducts
• The tissues and organs that produce hormones comprise the endocrine system.
• In insects and other arthropods, growth and metamorphosis are controlled by pheromones.
• Pheromones are chemicals that are released to the surrounding environment by animal
• Neurosecretory cells in the brain of insects secrete prothoracicotropic hormone that activates prothoracic glands to secrete a hormone called ecdysone. This hormone induces ecdysis or molting
• Sex hormones also regulate reproductive

  development in simpler animals such as

  insects
• Parathormone

  Raises calcium level in the blood
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline

  Initiates response to stress
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline

  Increases heart rate, blood pressure and metabolic rate
• Glucocorticoids

  Makes body adapt to long-term stress
• Mineralocorticoids

  Maintains the balance of sodium and potassium ion

  excretion in cells
• Insulin

  Lowers blood glucose level
• Insulin

  Stimulates fat, protein, glycogen synthesis
• Glucagon

  Raises blood glucose level
• Glucagon

  Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen
• Testosterone

  Stimulate the development of male secondary sex

  characteristics and rapid growth at puberty
• Melatonin

  Regulates biological rhythms
• Progesterone

  stimulate the development of mammary glands
• Progesterone

  Completes preparation for pregnancy
• Estrogen

  Stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics
• Pituitary Gland

  Considered as the master gland
• Pituitary Gland

  Controls the other hormones
• Growth Hormone (GH)

  Stimulates fat breakdown, muscle and bone growth, and protein synthesis that results in body growth
• Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

  Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, which regulates metabolism in the body
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  Elevates calcium level in the blood by stimulating bone breakdown
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and activates vitamin D
• Prolactin

  Stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

  Stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortical hormones such as cortisol in humans, and corticosterone in other vertebrates
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  Stimulates spermatogenesis or sperm development in males
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in females
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

  In males, stimulates the secretion of testosterones for sperm production and the male secondary sex

  characteristics
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

  In females, stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone for ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum
• Oxytocin

  • targets the uterus and brings about uterine contractions during child- birth
• Oxytocin

  -regulates the mammary glands for milk ejection
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  • maintains water balance in the body during the process of reabsorption in the kidneys
• AUXIN

  after fertilization, they play a role in fruit development
• CYTOKININ

  -When in combination with auxin, cytokinin stimulates cell division and

  differentiation