Gen Bio 2

• Heredity - passing of genetic factors from parents to offspring or from one generation to next.
• Chromosomes - thread-like structures located inside pf the nucleus. Each of this is made up of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 altogether)
• Autosomes - chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. The chromosomes numbered from 1-22.
• Pair number 23 are the sex chromosomes (gametes).
• Gametes - Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells.
• Genes - the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein
• Genes - set of instructions that determine what the organism is like, its appearance, how it survives, and how it behaves in its environment. are made of a substance called DNA. They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called proteins. Genes are general trait.
• Cell - the basic unit of life
• Chromosome - found at the nucleus; threadlike structure of DNA
• DNA - main constituent of chromosomes; carrier of genetic information
• Genes - dna segment that contributes to phenotype / function
• Vector - general term used to describe a carrier molecule; transports foreign genetic material (such as DNA) into a host organism
• Plasmid - a specific type of vector; small, circular piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA in a cell. It is often found in bacteria; like a tiny, extra toolbox
• Genetics - the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
• Genetic Engineering - aka genetic modification; the process of altering the genetic material of an organism through use of technology. it is to improve quality.
• Ancient Genetic Engineering Techniques:

  • Classical / Traditional / Selective Breeding
  • Hybridization
  • Inbreeding
• Modern Genetic Engineering Techniques:

  • Cloning
  • Gene Splicing
  • Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Gel Electrophoresis
• Selective Breeding - involves choosing parents; the process of breeding organisms to produce offspring with desired characteristics.

  • Humans have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including: crop plants with better yields. A.K.A. artificial selection.
• Hybridization - two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms.
• Inbreeding - technique of breeding organisms that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits; the breeding of closely related individuals, which can lead to a reduction in genetic variation.
• Cloning - the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. EXACT GENETIC COPY
• Gene Splicing - Is a technique where DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism.
• GENE SPLICING

  
• Genetic Engineering

  Modification of traits involve:

  1. introduction of new traits to an organism
  2. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene
  3. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired genes' expression.
• Slice vs. Splice

  • Slice - to cut with (e.g. a knife)
  • Splice - To unite by overlapping and securing together two ends; to unite, link, or insert
• Slice - returns a piece of the array but it doesn’t affect the original array
• Splice - changes the original array by removing, replacing, or adding value and returns the affected value.
• Recombinant DNA Technology - the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species.
• rDNA Technology - recombined DNA molecule is inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - an organism or microorganism whose genetic make up has been altered (in a laboratory) to contain a segment of DNA from another organism.
• Where are GMOs grown?

  • USA - potato
  • Indonesia - Sugarcane
  • Bangladesh - eggplant
  • Philippines - golden rice
• GMOs

  Pros:

  • can help increase crop yields
  • can reduce global hunger
  • more ppl get ppl get out of poverty
  • may contain more beneficial substances
  • make plants more resistant
  • help lower food prices
• GMOs

  Cons:

  • religion
  • spread of epidemics
  • underestimate the risk of GMOs
  • safety issues
  • allergic reaction
  • may lead to antibiotic resistance
• Earth's Geologic Time Scale is a system of dating rocks and fossils based on the relative abundance of certain radioactive isotopes.
• geologic time scale - way that scientists make an estimate
• Earth’s Geologic Time Scale - representation of the life forms that have lived and dominated the Earth on a specific time scale.
• Geologic is the combination of the word geologic and chronologic.

  geologic - rock

  chronologic - time
• Earth’s Geologic Time Scale is divided into:

  1. Eons
  2. Eras
  3. Periods
  4. Epochs
• Eon

  1. Precambrian Eon (4 BYA) - period between the birth of the planet & appearance of life forms.
  2. Phanerozoic Eon (542 MYA) - visible life; that was constructed thru rock units that bear abundant fossils.