q4

• True or False:

  1. Biological system can be applied to all levels of life starting to the molecules of our cells all the way up to the whole biosphere.

  TRUE
• TRUE OR FALSE

  2. All organisms are made up of similar and one kind of cell.

  FALSE
• TRUE OR FALSE

  3. An organism can be completely isolated from its surrounding.

  FALSE
• TRUE OR FALSE

  4. The flower is a plant’s reproductive organ.

  TRUE
• TRUE OR FALSE

  5. The brightly-colored part of the flower that attract pollinators are the petals.

  TRUE
• Organisms: Can’t live forever but can preserve its characteristics.
• Diversity of organisms:

  Five kingdom classification

  1. Plantae
  2. Fungi
  3. Animalia
  4. Protista
  5. Monera
• Reproduction ➢ Ability of a living thing to produce its own kind
• Reproduction ➢ Is the biological process by which “offspring” are produced from their “parent” or parents”
• Reproduction ➢ Ensure that when older ones dies, new offspring are produced to replaced them
• Reproduction ➢ Offspring → young organism produced by its parent organism.
• Types of Reproduction:

  1. Asexual (one-single parent)
  2. sexual (union of gametes)
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Also known as clonal reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Formation of new individuals from the cell of a single parent. ➢ Common in plants and some fungi.
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Produce offspring from one parent only.
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ No need for union of gametes (sex cells)
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Offspring→ produced by cell division → identical to its parent (clone)
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Can produce quickly even in harsh environment
• Asexual Reproduction ➢ Prone to extinction (same features, cannot adapt changes)
• Asexual Reproduction

  A) One

  B) No need

  C) identical

  D) clone

  
• Asexual Reproduction in Animals - commonly found among lower forms of organisms such as protists, cnidarians, hydra, amoeba
• Single individual produces offspring - ASEXUAL
• Pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new animal. - FRAGMENTATION
• BINARY FISSION - Process in which an organism divides into two and grow into a new organism.
• BUDDING - process outgrowth of a bud, budding is the process of a bud becoming a new plant.
• BUDDING - process outgrowth or callus projecting from the parent and eventually buds off.
• PARTHENOGENESIS - the development of a new species from a single parent
• PARTHENOGENESIS - mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female offspring develops from unfertilized eggs.
• TRANSVERSE - fission that involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation.
• Asexual Reproduction in Microorganisms and Animals

  ➢ Binary fission→ ➢ Bi- two, fiss- split
• ➢ Binary fission→ ➢ Bi- two, fiss- split ➢ Nucleus divides into two followed by cytoplasm.
• BINARY FISSION

  A) Replication

  B) Growth

  C) Segregation

  D) Splitting

  
• ➢ Binary fission→ cell splits into two and produce two identical offspring ➢ Small cell→ daughter cell

  ➢ Ex. Bacteria, protozoa, sea anemone
• Binary Fission

  A) parent

  B) division

  C) daughter

  
• • When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective way of producing many, many offspring.
  • For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and divide again in the space of 8 hours.
• • Budding→ latin bud “Sprout”
  • parent cell produces a bud on its surface until it gets bigger and separate to its parent.
  • Others are still attached and build a colony.
• Budding Process:

  A) mature

  B) budding

  C) nucleus

  D) daughter cell

  
• Process of Budding:

  
• • Fragmentation→ organism splits into fragments→ grow into new individual
  • Ex. Blue-green bacteria, lichens, green-algae, cyanobacteria
• Fragmentation Process:

  A) parent

  B) Fragments

  C) Daughter