MOD 2

•  An Infection is when a microorganism (pathogen) invades the body, multiplies and causes injury or disease
• TWO TYPES of INFECTIONS; communicable and nosocomial & healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
• • communicable - can spread from person to person 
• nosocomial & healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) - are acquired while in the hospital and other healthcare facilities usually caused by infected personnel, patients, visitors, food drug or equipment.

   
• Infectious (causative) agent - Pathogenic microbe such as virus, bacteria,etc 
• reservoir - Source of infection agent or place where the microbe could grow which could be in humans, animals, equipment,etc
• exit pathway - A way or manner where an infectious agent can leave the reservoir host which could be through secretions etc.
• means of transmission - Airborne, direct  or indirect contact , droplets, vector (insect) and vehicle (food, water or drugs)
• entry pathway - Refers to the way an infectious agent enters a host that is susceptible to infection which includes body orifices.
• INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM

          - set of procedures that must be followed at all times that aims to break the chain of infections. 
• susceptible host - Someone who is prone to infection due to age, health or immune status. They usually include the elderly, newborn, patients who are immune suppressed.
• HAND HYGIENE measures. Include routine hand washing which uses plain soap and water or use of alcohol-based antiseptic hand cleaners and hand antisepsis  uses antimicrobial soap or alcohol-based hand sanitizer to remove transient microorganisms. 
• ersonal Protective Equipment (PPE). This includes gloves,  gown/lab coats, masks, face shields & goggles, and respirators. 
• C. Nursery and Neonatal ICU Infection-Control Technique

  1. Do the proper hand washing procedure before putting on the PPE.                                   

  2.The phlebotomist should only bring items necessary for the specimen collection.                 

  3.Blood collection tray should be left outside the nursery, preferably the anteroom.                   

  4.Remove gloves, wash hands, and use a new pair of gloves between patients.
• Blood collection tray should be left outside the nursery, preferably the anteroom.                   
• .Remove gloves, wash hands, and use a new pair of gloves between patients.
•   In the clinical laboratory, health workers may be exposed to Blood-Borne Pathogens (BBP) by needle stick or other injuries caused by sharp objects. 
•  BBP are microorganisms in the human blood which are infectious and can cause diseases.
• he most common pathogens include, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
• exposure control plan: needle stick or other sharp injury, mucous membrane exposure
• For surface decontamination, use of 1:10 bleach solution or other disinfectants for the specimen collection and processing areas.
•  all non-reusable items contaminated by blood or other body fluids should be placed in biohazard waste containers for proper disposal.
• wear gloves and use an absorbent material when cleaning the area to avoid spreading the spills over a wider area
• Biohazard refers to any material that could be harmful to health.
• Biosafety is used to prevent and protect clinical laboratories from harmful incidents caused by laboratory specimen that are potentially biohazard. 
• Airborne - from splashes and aerosols during centrifugation
• • Non-intact skin - contamination through breaks or cuts in the skin;
• • Percutaneous - exposure through the skin due to injuries from sharp objects;

  1. Use needle safety devices
  2. Wear heavy-duty utility gloves when cleaning broken glass
  3. Never handle broken glass with bare hands
• • Permucosal - infection through mucous membranes of the mouth and nose and the conjunctive of the eyes.

  1. Proper handling to avoid aerosols and splashes
  2. Avoid rubbing and touching the eyes, nose and mouth
• ELECTRIC. Remove the source of electricity using non-conductive object or simply turn off the source of electricity, ask for medical assistance, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary, and keep the victim warm.    
• FIRE.  Regular fire drills, The location of fire extinguishers and heavy blankets should be known
• RADIATION. Radiation symbol be posted on areas where radioactive materials are used and kept.
• CHEMICAL. wear the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE);  use chemical cleanup materials properly in case of spills; must be oriented where the safety showers and eyewash stations are located.
•     Shock is a condition when there is not enough blood that circulates back to the heart which results to inadequate supply of oxygen in the body. This may be a result of hemorrhage, heart attack, trauma and drug reactions.
•       The common symptoms of shock: pale, cold & clammy skin; rapid and weak pulse; increased and shallow breathing and expressionless face with staring eyes
• hen the patient is in shock, perform the following steps as first aid: (1) keep the airway open, (2) call for medical assistance, (3) keep the patient lying down, (4) control any bleeding or other cause of shock and (5) keep the patient warm.
•         Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure done during emergency cases such as when a person is in cardiac arrest. Being able to perform CPR on a patient increases his chance of survival