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• Foundation


  Part of the building below the surface, also called the substructure
• Footings


  Expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier, or column to distribute load into the ground
• Design of Foundation


  1. Site investigation

  2. Determining soil surface and condition

  3. Considering topography of surface prior to construction
• Drilling


  • Most suitable way of determining soil
  • Areas bored or drilled are called test pits
  • National Building Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft. Per ton or less than twice than maximum bearing capacity desired for use
• Laying Out and Staking

  1. Establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the ground

  2. Stakes - wooden sticks or post driven to the ground

  3. Batter Board - wood sticks nailed horizontally to the stake

  4. Level transit - for establishing reference point

  5. Plastic water hose - transparent and ¼ filled with water to establish level of horizontal lines

  6. String or chord - for connecting establish points
• Excavation and Backfilling


  1. Excavation - process of removing earth to form a cavity in the ground

  2. Backfilling - filling the excavated portion
• Excavation work in construction of residences

  • Shallow excavation - include wall, column footing whether they are independent or combined, digging of soil extends to 1.50meters
  • Deep excavation - for large project as this requires almost total of extraction of soil at the site
• Backfilling is the filling in the excavated portion after the foundation has been laid out
• Design of a foundation always include

  • The deal load plus the live load
  • Load Effects of wind, head, water and earthquakes
  • Explosive blast
• Earth provides ultimate support for the structure against all elements
• Soil provides lifetime support for a building
• Causes of foundation movement

  • Soil bearing capacity
  • Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
  • Shear distortion of the soil
  • Compression of the soil
• Foundation carries the load of the building
• Types of foundation


  • Spread foundation
  • Pier foundation
  • Slab foundation
  • T - foundation
  • Mat foundation
• Spread foundation


  Includes all those types where the load is distributed into soil by slender, vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles
• Pier foundation


  Concrete piers are carried down through the soil of inadequate beating power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached
• Slab foundation


  Solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with footings placed where extra support is needed
• T - foundation


  Consist of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T type of foundation is popular structure basement
• Mat foundation


  Assembles a mat in that foundation is spread over the entire area of the building floor
• Foundation members


  • Footings
  • Foundation walls
  • Piers and columns
  • Footings and columns
• Footings


  A portion of the foundation of a structure which directly distributes the weight of the building over large area concrete is commonly used for footings because it can be poured to maintain a firm contact with supporting soil
• Foundation walls


  Function is to support the load of the building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to the footing
• Piers and columns


  Vertical members usually made of concrete brick steel or wood, they are used to support the floor systems and can be used as sole support of the structure
• Footings and columns


  Carry the load of the building resting on the foundation
• Compression test


  Determines behavior of materials under crushing loads
• Concrete slump test


  Empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch
• Dead load


  Refers to all weight in a structure made up of immovable materials
• Framing


  Wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another
• Girder


  Horizontal beam which supports the floor joints
• Heel plate


  Plate at the end of truss
• Hip roof


  Roof with four sloping sides
• Jack rafter


  A short rafter, usually used on hip roofs
• Joist


  Horizontal structure member that supports the floor system or ceiling system
• Lally column


  Steel column used to support girders and beams
• Pier


  A block of concrete supporting the floor of a building
• Plaster


  Decorative column attached to a wall
• Piles


  Long post driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the foundation footing is laid
• Pillar


  Column used for supporting parts of a structure
• Purlins


  Horizontal structure members which hold rafters together
• Ridge


  Top edge of the roof where rafters meet