General biology 2

• Stamen


  The male reproductive part of the flower
• Stamen


  • Consists of two main components:
  • Anther: Contains pollen grains, essential for fertilization
  • Filament: The long stalk that supports the anther
• Pistil


  The female reproductive part of the flower
• Pistil


  • Includes several structures:
  • Stigma: Sticky surface at the top to capture and hold pollen grains
  • Style: Thin stem connecting the stigma to the ovary
  • Ovary: Contains eggs (ovules) essential for seed formation
• Pollination


  1. Process by which pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma

  2. Self-Pollination: Pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant lands on the stigma

  3. Cross-Pollination: Transferring pollen between different flowers, involving agents like insects, birds, and wind
• More than 70% of plant species depend on birds, bats, insects, and other animals to transport pollen
• Approximately 30% of the world's crop plant species rely on pollination by bees and other insects
• Pollen Grain


  Contains male gametes necessary for fertilization
• Palynology


  The study of living and fossilized pollen grains
• Seminal Vesicle


  Two small glands that store and produce most of the fluid that makes up semen
• Ejaculation


  1. Fluid from the seminal vesicles is expelled into the ejaculatory duct

  2. Where it mixes with sperm and other reproductive fluids
• Semen


  The white fluid that comes out during ejaculation, containing various components including sperm
• Sperm


  The male reproductive cells, a crucial component of semen especially when trying to conceive
• Urethra


  A tiny tube in the body that helps urine come out, and also serves as a pathway for semen during ejaculation
• Vas Deferens


  Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation
• Testis


  Produces sperm and hormones like testosterone
• Scrotum


  Holds the testicles and helps regulate their temperature to keep sperm healthy
• Prostate Gland


  • Contributes to the liquid part of semen
  • Helps carry sperm during ejaculation
  • Provides nutrients and protection to sperm
• Penis


  • Has a dual function: Reproduction - transfers sperm during sexual intercourse, Excretion - allows urine to leave the body
• Vagina


  Flexible tube connecting the external genitals to the uterus. Receives sperm, allows for menstrual flow and childbirth.
• Uterus (Womb)


  Muscular organ where a fertilized egg can implant and grow into a baby during pregnancy.
• Fallopian Tubes


  Transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes.
• Ovaries


  Produce eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
• Labia Majora and Labia Minora

  Folds of skin that surround and protect the openings of the vagina and urethra.
• Clitoris


  Sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva. Plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure.
• Vaginal Opening


  Entry point to the vagina. Where menstrual blood exits and where a baby can pass during childbirth.
• Cervix


  Lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Has a small opening called the cervical os. Allows passage of sperm into the uterus and keeps the growing fetus inside during pregnancy. Dilates during childbirth to allow the baby to pass from the uterus into the vagina.
• Mons Pubis


  Rounded mound of fatty tissue located above the pubic bone and in front of the pubic hair. Provides cushioning and protection to the pubic bone. Contains sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands.
• Urethral Orifice


  Opening of the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Located just above the vaginal opening and below the clitoris. Primary purpose is to expel urine, not to facilitate reproductive functions.
• Asexual reproduction


  Generally limited to invertebrates, but has been documented in some species of snake and some sharks
• Forms of asexual reproduction in animals

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Parthenogenesis
• Fission


  1. Organism appears to split itself into two parts and, if necessary, regenerate the missing parts of each new organism

  2. Example: species of turbellarian flatworms commonly called planarians
• Budding


  1. Outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the bud from the original organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the other

  2. Example: hydras and corals
• Fragmentation


  1. Breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration

  2. Observed in sponges, some cnidarians, turbellarians, echinoderms, and annelids
• Parthenogenesis


  1. Egg develops into an individual without being fertilized

  2. Resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid

  3. Occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, and ant, wasps, and bees