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• Research paper


  The heart of any research paper
• Research question


  • Should ask about a relationship between two or more variables
  • Should be stated clearly, unambiguously, and usually in question form
  • Should be possible to collect data to answer the question asked
  • Should not represent a moral or ethical position
• The Effect of Online Learning on the SHS Learners' Mental Health during the Pandemic


  Title of the research paper
• Online Learning


  • Instruction
  • Examination
  • Socialization
• Mental Health


  One of the variables in the research paper
• Independent Variable (IV)


  The variable that is manipulated or controlled to measure its effects on the dependent variable
• Dependent Variable (DV)


  The variable that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable
• IV-DV


  The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
• The research title and conceptual framework are given, try to derive a good statement of the problem (SOP)
• Social Network Exposure and Students' Vocabulary Proficiency of Second Language


  Title of the research paper
• Social Network Exposure


  • Hours of Exposure
  • Number of Social Network
  • Number of Reasons
• Second Language Proficiency


  One of the variables in the research paper
• Hypothesis


  A conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables. It is the main argument or idea that the study has endeavored to test.
• Null Hypothesis (H0)


  The hypothesis of no correlation. Its purpose is to be rejected.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1)


  The exact opposite of the null hypothesis.
• Theoretical Framework


  The theoretical framework underpins the present study with a cognitive structure that the study intends to verify or support.
• Conceptual Framework


  A visualized construct of the present study. It describes the relationships that the present study seeks to establish.
• Types of Conceptual Framework

  • IPO Model
  • IV-DV Model
• IPO Model


  The input consists the profile of the respondents and the factors connected with the dependent and independent variables of the research. The process involves the questionnaires used, observations conducted, the data gathering procedures, and the statistical treatment of data. The output refers to the action taken after interpreting the results of the study.
• IV-DV Model


  If we want to test the interaction between variables, we need to identify the independent variable/s and the dependent variable/s. If terms such as impact, effect, influence, etc. are used, we are therefore looking for causality. This requires the use of Regression Analysis. The IV-DV framework in this case uses the single-headed arrow pointing to the dependent variable/s.
• When the term relationship is used, we are simply looking for association. This requires the use of Correlation. The IV-DV framework in this case uses the double-headed arrow that points toward both the IV/s and the DV/s.
• The Statement of the Problem should be aligned with the conceptual framework and the Research title. The title encapsulates the entire paper, found in SOP are the questions to be answered, and the CF is the backbone by illustrating the variables of the study.