UCSP

• Culture


  A complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by human as a member of society
• Aspects of culture and society

  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • Norms
  • Symbols
• Beliefs


  Conceptions that people accept as true about how the world operates and where individuals fit in it
• Values


  General and shared perception of what is good, right appropriate and worthwhile, and important with regard to modes of conduct and states of existence
• Elements of Filipino value system

  • Halaga (evaluative aspect - pagkatao, pakikipagkapwa-tao, pagkamaka-tao)
  • Asal (expression of evaluative aspect - kapwa, damdamin, dangal)
  • Diwa (kalooban or inner which is intertwined reason and emotion)
• Norms


  Written and unwritten rules that specify the behaviors appropriate to specific situations
• Folkways


  Norms that apply to routine matters like eating, sleeping, appearance, posture, use of appliances and relations to various people, animals and the environment
• Mores


  Norms that people define as pivotal to the well-being of the group
• Symbol


  Any kind of physical phenomenon to which people assign a meaning or values
• Aspects of culture


  • Shared by some group of people
  • Socially learned
  • Patterns of behavior
• Diffusion


  Process by which an idea, an invention, or some other cultural item is borrowed from a foreign source
• Enculturation/Socialization


  Process by which infants and children socially learn the culture of those around them
• Humans do not learn culture primarily by trial and error. The main way children culture is by observation, imitation, communication, and interference.
• The knowledge and behavior acquired by one generation are available to future generations. By this process of social learning, over many generations knowledge accumulates.
• Even within a single culture, the behavior of individuals is quite variable. In part, people act differently because of the distinctions their cultures make between males and females, old and young, rich and poor.
• Shared knowledge of roles and expectations that people share are partly responsible for pattern behavior.
• Innovation


  The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture
• Forms of innovation


  • Discovery
  • Invention
• Discovery


  Involves making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality
• Discovery


  • Finding of the DNA molecule
  • Identification of a new moon of Saturn
• Invention

  Results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before
• Invention


  • Automobile
  • Internet
• Globalization


  The world-wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
• Diffusion


  The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society
• Means of diffusion


  • Exploration
  • Military conquest
  • Missionary work
  • Influence of mass media
  • Tourism
  • Internet
• Technology


  Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires
• Globalization


  Danger to local cultures
• According to Schaefer (2012), the development of culture throughout the world is brought about by: (1) innovation; (2) globalization; (3) diffusion; and (4) technology
• All three social sciences are disciplines which are important to the study of society because it encourages care and objectivity
• Philosophers and mathematicians rely heavily on rational proof
• Max Weber describes science as "value-free" investigation
• Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of the human social life
• Political science is a science of politics and politics as a governmental determination of who gets what, when and how