rws

• Reading


  Cognitive process of decoding, process of interpreting the written symbols, putting/getting meaning into the text, communication between author and reader
• Reading (defined by LAP and FLOOD)


  Decoding, Comprehension, Word Recognition, Fluency
• Benefits of Reading


  • Exposes readers to accurate spelling and correct forms of writing
  • Shows readers how to write more complex sentences
  • Invites readers to be more experimental in their own writing
  • Allows readers to hear the thoughts of others
• Writing


  A method of representing language in visual or tactile form, a system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning
• Benefits of Writing


  • Allows writers to voice their thoughts
  • Provides writers with a vehicle to use their imaginations
  • Gives writers a chance to engage in a conversation with other writers
  • Aids writers in reading critically of other works
  • Motivates writers to engage with the texts they are reading
• Patterns of Paragraph Development

  • Narration
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Exemplification
  • Classification
  • Cause and Effect
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Problem-Solution
  • Persuasion
• Discourse


  The utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation, an extended expression of thoughts or ideas, the ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a particular structure
• Text


  A large unit of written language, a group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea, it has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each other, an actually connected discourse
• Properties of a Well-Written Text

  • Organization
  • Coherence and Cohesion
  • Appropriate Language Use
  • Proper Mechanics
• Morphology


  The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language, analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes
• Morpheme


  The smallest grammatical unit in a language
• Free Morpheme


  Can function independently as a word
• Bound Morpheme


  A word element attached to a root word to give it another meaning, cannot function independently as a word
• Affix


  A morpheme that is attached to a root word to form a new word
• Prefix


  A morpheme that comes before a root word
• Suffix


  A morpheme that comes after a root word
• Two Varieties of Suffixes

  • Inflectional Suffixes
  • Derivational Suffixes
• Compound Words


  Combination of two different words
• Context Clues


  Words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word
• Common Types of Context Clues

  • Synonyms
  • Antonyms
  • Examples
  • Definition
  • Explanation
• Simile


  Identified by the use of "like", "as", "similar to," and the like, compares dissimilar objects that share certain characteristics
• Metaphor


  Directly refers to the object being described as being or previously being the object it is compared to or connected to
• A text is a connected discourse, which means that all ideas in the text must be related in the sense that they would express only one main idea, or that the text must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize central idea
• Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information

  • Brainstorming
  • Clustering or Mapping
• Graphic Organizers


  Visual and graphic displays that depict the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task
• Types of Graphic Organizers

  • Venn Diagram
  • Spider Map
  • Fishbone Diagram
  • Describing / Idea Wheel
  • Ladder
• Why Use Graphic Organizers?

  • It is a tool for critical and creative thinking
  • It is a tool for organizing information
  • It is a tool for understanding information and relationships
  • It is a tool for depicting knowledge and understanding
  • It is a tool for self-learning
• Benefits of Using Graphic Organizers

  • Understand the concept of part to whole
  • Record relationships
  • Clarify and organize ideas
  • Improve memory
  • Comprehend texts
  • Recognize and assimilate different point of view
• Outline


  A summary that gives the essential features of a text, shows the parts of a text are related to one another as parts that are equal importance, or sections that are subordinate to a main idea
• Reading Outline


  Used to get the main ideas of a text that is already written, helps you understand the text's structure more critically because you will have to find the text's thesis statement and supporting details
• Graphic organizers


  • Helps students retain important information and relationships
  • It is a tool for depicting knowledge and understanding
  • It is a tool for self-learning
• Graphic organizers


  • Develops ability for independent learning as shown through note-taking, planning, and presentation
• Benefits of using graphic organizers


  • Understand the concept of part to whole
  • Record relationships
  • Clarify and organize ideas
  • Improve memory
  • Comprehend texts
  • Recognize and assimilate different point of view
• Outline


  • A summary that gives the essential features of a text
  • It shows the parts of a text are related to one another as parts that are equal importance, or sections that are subordinate to a main idea
• Reading outline


  • Used to get the main ideas of a text that is already written
  • Helps you understand the text's structure more critically because you will have to find the text's thesis statement and supporting ideas
  • You will better understand how a writer connects and sequences the information in the reading
• Writing outline


  • The skeletal version of your essay
  • Used as a guide to organize your ideas
  • Usually done before you write the first draft of your essay
• Two basic types of outlines


  • Topic outline
  • Sentence outline
• Topic outline


  • A systematic arrangement that consists of words and short phrases
  • Useful when arranging ideas hierarchically to show which are the main point and the sub-points
• Sentence outline


  Functions like a topic outline, but uses sentences to express specific and complex details
• An outline shows the relationships among all the topics. It is a diagram that shows topical organization